Term
| Diagnosis based on 5 types of criteria: |
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Definition
1. History
2. Clinical signs
3. Postmortem findings
4. Chemical analyses
5. Laboratory animal tests |
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Term
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Definition
| the disease caused by exposure to a toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of toxin that will cause toxic effects |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of toxicant required to produce death in 50% of exposed animals |
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Term
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Definition
| effects of doses in a 24-hour period |
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Term
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Definition
| effects produced by exposure for three weeks or longer |
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Term
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Definition
| amount required to produce effects from 24-hours to three weeks |
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Term
| Steps to manage toxicosis: |
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Definition
1. emergency therapy
2. tentative dx
3. antidotal procedure/detoxification
4. confirm agent
5. determine source of toxicant
6. plan preventative measures |
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Term
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Definition
| ppm=(mg/kg body weight)/(% of body weight eaten/day) |
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Term
| Forage exposure calculation |
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Definition
| 1 # of chemical per acre results in an exposure in a grazing animal of approximately 7 mg of chemical per kg of body weight |
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Term
| Emergency home therapies: |
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Definition
1. vomition (salt, ipecac, or H2O2)
2. egg whites or milk |
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Term
| Emergency therapy at a clinic |
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Definition
1. prevent convulsions
2. respiratory maintenance
3. cooling on ice if temp > 106F
4. heating pad if subnormal temp |
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Term
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Definition
1. remove source of toxin
2. prevent further absorption
3. prevent further absorption of toxicants not removed (formation of precipitates or complexes, ion trapping, adsorption, cathartics) |
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Term
| Skin decontamination (2): |
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Definition
1. wash skin thoroughly
2. clip hair |
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Term
| Most toxicants have a specific antidote (T/F) |
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Definition
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Term
| List effective antidotes (9): |
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Definition
atropine
ethanol
penicillamine
EDTA
methylene blue
2-PAM
nitrite
thiosulfate
vit K |
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Term
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Definition
1. complexes with toxicant
2. conversion to a non-toxic metabolite
3. blocks formation of a toxic metabolite
4. antidote competes
5. blocks receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrite and nitrate: nitrite is 10x more toxic than is nitrate |
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Term
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Definition
1. Water
2. Fertilizer
3. Plants |
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Term
| Why do plants have nitrates? |
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Definition
1. Species differences
2. Nitrogen content of soil
3. Drought conditions
4. Cloudy days
5. Herbicide treatment |
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Term
| Which 10 plants are most likely to to have toxic nitrate? |
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Definition
1. Sorghums
2. Pigweed
3. Lamb's quarters
4. Jimson weed
5. Nightshades
6. Oats
7. Corn
8. Soybeans
9. Alfalfa
10. Wheat/rye |
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Term
| Where is nitrate content highest in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is cyanide content highest in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| NO2 and N2O4 exposure cause? |
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Definition
| Silo filler's disease: emphysema in people and livestock exposed to these gases |
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Term
| Describe the mechanisms of nitrate/ite toxicity. |
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Definition
| Ingested nitrate is reduced to nitrate by microorganisms in the rumen. The nitrite that is absorbed in the body contacts Fe++ and converts it to Fe+++, resulting in methemoglobinemia and thus anoxia. |
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Term
| What are the 11 differentials for sudden death in an animal? |
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Definition
1. Nitrite
2. Cyanide
3. Lightning
4. Arsenic
5. Clostridial d'se
6. Metabolic conditions (mild fever, grass tetany)
7. Urea
8. Insecticides
9. Heat algae
10. Grain overload
11. Pb |
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Term
| 9 Clinical signs of nitrite toxicosis? |
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Definition
1. dead animals
2. dyspnea
3. brownish mucous membranes
4. weakness
5. tremors
6. anoxic convulsions
7. vomiting
8. diarrhea
9. abortions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Dead animals that were fine 12 hrs ago
2. signs
3. history
4. Diphenylamine test (aqueous humor, forage) |
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Term
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Definition
Aim at reducing Met Hgb to Hgb
Avoid stress
Methylene blue |
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Term
| Prevention for nitrite tox: |
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Definition
test forage if nitrate accumulator
dilute with other forages if high in nitrate |
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