Term
|
Definition
| negatively charged, contain sulfated compounds, cause GI irritation but low mortality/toxicosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positively charged, contain quaternary ammonium compounds, corrosive, mucosal ulceration, high toxicity, potentially lethal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be anionic (negative, low toxicity) or cationic (positive, CORROSIVE) depending upon environmental pH |
|
|
Term
| Corrosive Bases (alkalis) |
|
Definition
| liquefactive necrosis, severe ulceration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coagulation necrosis, severe burns (immediate irritant action limits intake) |
|
|
Term
| treatment for ingestion of corrosive agents |
|
Definition
| Establish airway +- careful esophagoscopy to determine quantity ingested, dilute with milk(demulcent, mucusal protectant) or water, analgesics, GI protectants (sucralfate) |
|
|
Term
| What treatment is contraindicated following the diagnosis of ingestion of corrosive agents? |
|
Definition
| Induction of emesis, gastric lavage, charcoal, neutralizing agents (can result in exothermic chemical reaction) |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs associated with liquid potpourri toxicity in cats? |
|
Definition
| local corrosive action and CNS depression (cationic detergents + volatile oils) |
|
|
Term
| What are the toxic compounds associated with oil based disinfectant cleaners like Pine Sol? |
|
Definition
| unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs associated with ingestion of disinfectant cleaners (unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons)? |
|
Definition
| Dermal and ocular irritation, tachycardia, CNS depression, nephritis, risk of aspiration pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| How are disinfectant cleaners biotransformed and excreted? |
|
Definition
| CYP450 oxidation and glucuronidation in the liver, excreted in the urine |
|
|
Term
| What component of batteries is responsible for the greatest negative impact when ingested? |
|
Definition
| electrical discharge is corrosive to GI mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is the major clinical syndrome associated with ingestion of low viscosity, high volatility petroleum products like gasoline or kerosene? |
|
Definition
| Aspiration, into lungs (pnumonia/pleuritis) or rumen |
|
|
Term
| What compounds are associated with toxicity following ingestion of petroleum products? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are associated with ingestion of high viscosity petroleum products like crude oil? |
|
Definition
| GI irritation and destruction of resident ruminal microflora can result in rumen stasis (-->bloat) and reduced VFA production (-->chronic wasting) |
|
|
Term
| What treatment can be used to decontaminate ingested petroleum products (hydrocarbons)? |
|
Definition
| activated charcoal (care with emetics due to risk of aspiration) |
|
|
Term
| How does carbon monoxide interact with RBC once inhaled? |
|
Definition
| CO binds to hemoglobin with over 200 times the affinity of oxygen, when CO binds to hemoglobin it forms carboxyHb which releases oxygen more slowly into tissues resulting in hypoxia |
|
|
Term
Place species in order of greatest to least sensativity to carbon monoxida:
Dog, Rabbit, Canary, Cat |
|
Definition
| Canary > cat > dog > rabbit |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs associated with chronic carbon monoxide toxicosis? |
|
Definition
| locomotor impairment, exercise intolerance, and EKG abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| What compounds are associated with toxicity following ingestion of alliaceous plants (garlic, onion)? |
|
Definition
organosulfur compounds (thiosulfinates, n-propyl disulfides)
production of free radicals |
|
|
Term
| What laboratory findings are associated with onion toxicosis? |
|
Definition
| heinz body anemia and intravascular hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What dogs breeds have genetically increased susceptibility to onion toxicity? |
|
Definition
| Japanese breeds (akita, shiba inu) |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat a case of onion toxicity? |
|
Definition
emesis, activated charcoal, blood transfusion and oxygen therapy
monitor RBC indices as anemia may slowly progress |
|
|
Term
| Bread dough toxicosis could also be called _____ toxicosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical signs associated with bread dough toxicity? |
|
Definition
ataxia, CNS depression, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis
+- bloat, foreign body obstruction |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat a case of bread dough toxicity? |
|
Definition
| emesis if CNS depression is not profound, cold water lavage (to arrest fermentation process in the bread dough), charcoal, and saline cathartic |
|
|
Term
| What compound is responsible for chocolate toxicosis in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does theobromine have a long half life? |
|
Definition
| it undergoes enterohepatic recycling |
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical signs associated with severe chocolate toxicity in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Tachycardia, arrhythmias, seizures, hyperthermia, polyuria |
|
|
Term
| What two drugs could be used to address cardiac arrhythmias arising from chocolate toxicosis? |
|
Definition
Beta-AR blockers (sinus tachyarrhythmias)
Lidocaine (ventricular tachyarrythmias) |
|
|
Term
| What clinical syndrome is associated with ingestion of grapes/raisins? |
|
Definition
| acute renal failure (oliguric to anuric) |
|
|
Term
| What would be a good treatment plan for a dog that ingested grapes? |
|
Definition
| emesis and charcoal, monitor serum chemistry for at least 72 hours, IV fluids, mannitol and loop diuretics to address ARF |
|
|
Term
| What are the two toxic effects of xylitol ingestion in dogs? |
|
Definition
| hypoglycemia and hepatocellular necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What compound is responsible for toxicity following ingestion of avocado and what organ is affected? |
|
Definition
| persin ---> myocardial necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are associated with ingestion of macadamia nuts and what is the prognosis? |
|
Definition
ataxia, hyperthermia, hind limb paresis, tremors
self limiting, good prognosis with supportive care |
|
|
Term
What compound is responsible for toxicity following ingestion of Japanese yew?
What organ system is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What compound is associated with toxicity following ingestion of milkweed, rhododendron, oleander and foxglove?
What organ system is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What compound is associated with toxicity following ingestion of endophyte infected fescue?
What organ systems are affected? |
|
Definition
ergoraline
cardiovascular (vasoconstriction --> dry gangrene in extremities)
reproductive (retained placenta, decreased lactation, irregular estrus cycle) |
|
|
Term
What compound is associated with toxicity following ingestion of Jimsonweed and Poison hemlock?
What organ system is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What compound is associated with toxicity following ingestion of Water hemlock by horses or pigs?
What organ system is affected? |
|
Definition
cicutoxin (especially concentrated in the roots)
nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What two toxic plants grow in wet swampy areas? |
|
Definition
| Poison Hemlock and Water Hemlock |
|
|
Term
| What compound is responsible for toxicity following ingestion of weed seeds (corn cockle/mustard) and what clinical signs are associated? |
|
Definition
mustard oils
colic and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What compound in Nightshade is responsible for toxicity? In what species? In what organ system? |
|
Definition
solanine (especially in green unripened berries)
Pig, GI |
|
|
Term
| What compound is responsible for toxicity to green acorns? Organ system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species is susceptible to red maple toxicity, what clinical signs are expected? |
|
Definition
| horses (must ingest WILTED leaves), colic and reddish brown urine |
|
|
Term
| What compound in chokecherry is associated with toxicity? What organ system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are associated with black walnut and hoary alyssum toxicity in horses? |
|
Definition
| Stocking up, founder, laminitis |
|
|
Term
| What compound is responsible for toxicity following ingestion of white snakeroot? What is the layterm for this condition? |
|
Definition
muscle tremors, stiff gait, brown urine
"trembles"
FYI: white snakeroot grows in SHADE |
|
|
Term
| What species is most affected by ingestion of common cocklebur seedlings? What organ system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ system is affected by massive ingestion of bracken fern or field horsetail? What are expected clinical signs indicative of toxicosis? |
|
Definition
hematopoietic,
seizures, fever, death |
|
|
Term
| What compound in wild parsnip is responsible for toxicosis? What disease develops following ingestion of toxic dose? |
|
Definition
furanocoumarins
photosensitivity |
|
|
Term
| moldy red clover (trifolium sp.) is responsible for what syndrome in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moldy clover (melilotus and trifolium spp.) can damage what two organs? |
|
Definition
| dermal (photosensitivity) and liver |
|
|
Term
| what type of weather conditions favor the development of moldy clover? |
|
Definition
| warm temperatures, high humidity |
|
|
Term
| 1 kg is equal to how many lbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you convert PPM (parts per million) to a percent? |
|
Definition
| move the decimal 4 places to the left |
|
|
Term
| What parts of plants accumulate the most cyanide? |
|
Definition
| young shoots/leaves, roots, seeds |
|
|
Term
| What induces cyanide production in plants? |
|
Definition
| frost, herbicides, insects |
|
|
Term
| what induces the release of cyanide in plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are ruminants more suceptible to cyanide toxicity than monogastrics? |
|
Definition
| The rumen contains microbes that produce enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides from ingested plant material to cyanide. These enzymes function best in an alkali environment (pH below 6) |
|
|
Term
| What color mucous membranes are characteristic following cyanide poisoning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are associated with nitrate poisoning? |
|
Definition
| brown mucous membranes and dark chocolate colored blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fisarium
Usually die off during storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aspergillus and Penicillum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a toxic secondary metabolite produced by a fungus |
|
|
Term
| Ergot alkaloids cause what clinical signs in cattle? |
|
Definition
acute: convulsions
chronic: gangrene, hyperthermia, AGALACTIA, reproductive dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What biochemical mechanisms to aflatoxins affect? |
|
Definition
| interrupt the electron transport chain to inhibit cellular respiration and production of ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is the organ most affected by aflatoxin? |
|
Definition
liver
also immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
| What species is most sensitive to trichothecenes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophysiologic mechanism of action of trichothecenes? |
|
Definition
| inhibition of cellular protein synthesis --> elevation of tryptophan levels in the blood --> elevation of serotonin in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary effect of zearalenone in swine and cattle? |
|
Definition
estrogenic effects --> testicular atrophy and infertility in males,
--> decreased fertility and lactation, abnormal estrus cycles in females |
|
|
Term
| What primary disease is caused by ingestion of vomitoxin/deoxynivalenol in swine (possibly k9 as well)? |
|
Definition
ANOREXIA
(+ pale friable liver with hemorrhage into the abdominal cavity) |
|
|
Term
| Fusarium metabolites are associated with what disease in horses? |
|
Definition
| equine leukoencephalomalacia |
|
|
Term
| What are the three most common sites of toxicant uptake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are barriers to systemic absorption of ingested toxins? |
|
Definition
p-glycoprotein (prevents intracellular accumulation within epithelial cells)
gastric acid (inactivation)
first pass hepatic biotransformation and biliary elimination |
|
|
Term
| What happens to inspired particles/aerosols that are larger than 5 micrometers? |
|
Definition
| deposited on the mucosa of the nasopharynx and swallowed |
|
|
Term
| What happens to inspired particles that are between 2-5 micrometers in diameter? |
|
Definition
| deposit in the tracheobronchiolar region and are removed via mucociliary clearance |
|
|
Term
| What happens to inhaled particles that are less than 1 micrometer in diameter? |
|
Definition
| deposit in alveolar sacs and are phagocytized by alveolar macrophages in addition to lymphatic clearance |
|
|
Term
| What physical parameters affect the rate of absorption of vapors from the lungs into the blood? |
|
Definition
| blood solubility and partial pressure |
|
|
Term
| What variables affect the efficiency of dermal absorption of toxins? |
|
Definition
| body region and amount of fur, species differences in triglyceride and lipid composition of the stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| If a toxin diffuses quickly through tissues what organs will accumulate the toxicant first? |
|
Definition
| organs with the highest blood flow (ie. tissue blood flow is rate-limiting when diffusion is rapid) |
|
|
Term
| If a toxin diffuses slowly through tissues what is rate limiting in terms of how the toxin will distribute to different organs? |
|
Definition
| permiability is rate limiting (ie. the physiochemical properties of the toxicant determine tissue penetration) |
|
|
Term
| How is distribution affected in the case of a toxin with a high affinity for plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
| distribution out of the vasculature is slowed (ie. the toxin is bound to plasma proteins and trapped in the vessels) |
|
|
Term
| Place species in order from greatest to least biliary excretion of low molecular weight xenobiotics: sheep, dogs, primates, cats, rabbits, rats |
|
Definition
| rats/dogs > cats > sheep > rabbits/primates |
|
|
Term
| What type of phase 2 metabolites are most likely to undergo biliary excretion? |
|
Definition
| glucuronide and glutathione conjugates |
|
|
Term
| At very high concentration toxin elimination is governed by ____ order kinetics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of phase 1 hepatic biotransformation reactions? |
|
Definition
oxidation (CYP450)
hydrolysis (epoxide hydrolase)
reduction |
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of phase 2 hepatic biotransformation reactions? |
|
Definition
Glucuronidation
Sulfation
Glutathione |
|
|
Term
| What biotrasformation enzyme is present at greatest concentrations in the periportal region (zone 1) of the hepatic acinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what region of the hepatic acinus are the concentration of phase 1 and phase 2 (except sulfation)enzymes greatest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cimetidine decrease the formation of toxic metabolites? |
|
Definition
| cimetidine inhibits phase 1 CYP450 oxidation ---> less bioactivation of chemically reactive (ie. toxic) compounds |
|
|
Term
| The enzymes involved in glucuronidation are associated with what organelle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arylamine is bioactivated by what phase 2 reaction to form arylnitrenium ions, which are tumorgenic and associated with bladder cancers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What process is implicated in the bioactivation of NSAIDs and the development of toxic immune hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| glucuronidation of NSAIDs to form active products that bind to cellular proteins forming haptens that are recognized by the immune system as antigens |
|
|
Term
| Where in the hepatocyte do sulfate and glutathione conjugation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of chemicals tend to undergo phase to sulfate conjugation? |
|
Definition
| toxicants that contain -OH groups |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary route of excretion for xenobiotic-sulfate conjugates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two characteristics of xenobiotic substrates that undergo glutathione conjugation? |
|
Definition
must be hydrophobic
must posses an electrophilic atom
(ie. positive partial charge)
ex: organophosphates, acetaminophen, naphthalene (moth balls) |
|
|
Term
| 1ppm is equal to how many mg/kg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1g of chemical/ton of feed is equal to how many ppm? |
|
Definition
|
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