Term
| What are the anticoagulants? |
|
Definition
1st Generation (0.05%): Warfarin, Diphacinone, Chlorophacinone
2nd Generation (0.005%): Brodifacoum*, Bromadiolone, Diphethialone |
|
|
Term
What are the toxicokinetics of anticoagulants? |
|
Definition
Oral absorption
Plasma half life:
Warfarin - 14hr
Diphacinone - 4.5days
Brodifacoum - 6days
Metabolized: liver
Excreted: Urine and bile
Transmission: Milk and Placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Block vit K recycling
2) Block clotting factors (VII, IX, X)
- VII (PT) before IX (PTT) |
|
|
Term
| What is the LD10? What estimated dose should you start therapy? |
|
Definition
| LD10 is 0.20, start therapy if estimate is 1/4 (0.05) |
|
|
Term
What are risk factors for anticoagulants?
What species are especially sensitive? |
|
Definition
Geriatric, liver disease, concurrent protein displacing drugs (phenylbutazone, sulfonamides, corticos and aspirin)
Ruminants and Horses (same reasons as Moldy sweet clover) |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical effects? |
|
Definition
| Hemorrhage and blood loss associated lesions |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary ways to diagnose anticoagulants? |
|
Definition
- Prolonged clotting time
- Prothrombin time (PT)
- PIVKA - Thrombotest
- Active ingredient found in liver or blood
|
|
|
Term
| Where is the most appropriate place to sample for anticoagulant? |
|
Definition
Liver in dead animal, blood in live animal
Can test hay if suspecting dicoumerol exposure for large animals |
|
|
Term
| Overall blood abnormalities for Anticoagulants? |
|
Definition
| Low PCV, delayed whole blood clotting, prolonged PT and PTT |
|
|
Term
| What treatments should be administered for anticoagulants? |
|
Definition
Supportive care, Oral vitamin K1 (K3* is ineffective! but may offer benefit as a preventative), May need a blood or plasma transfusion (coagulation lag time), Continued monitoring for 1 week following therapy
*K3 is NEPHROTOXIC in horses |
|
|
Term
| What are the environmental impacts of anticoagulants? |
|
Definition
| Rarely avians can develop secondary toxicosis. |
|
|
