Term
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Definition
| the sides of an epithelial cell that face adjacent cells on each side |
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Definition
| transverse proteins that join the cells |
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Definition
| the layer of the basement membrane that is closer to and secreted by the epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues |
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Definition
| membrane proteins which form fluid-filled tunnels. |
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Term
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Definition
| protects and supports the body and its organs; binds organs together, and stores energy reserves as fat; helps provide immunity to disease-causing organisms |
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Definition
| the primary germ layer that gives rise to the nervous systems and the epidermis of the skin and its derivatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| transmembrane glycoproteins used by cells to attach to intermediate filaments inside the cell and the basement membrane outside the cell |
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Definition
| generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generates heat |
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Term
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Definition
| contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes attaching cells to one another; the plaque does not attach to microfilaments but rather to intermediate filaments of the protein keratin; prevent epidermal cells from pulling apart under tension & cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| the production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat, or enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| are like half of a desmosome; they have transmembrane glycoproteins called integrins which attach cells to the protein laminin in basement membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin , extracellular layer that consists of 2 layers: the basal lamina and reticular lamina |
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Term
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Definition
| makes up the secreting portion of many glands |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle primary germ layer that gives rise to the connective tissues, blood and blood vessels and muscle |
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Term
| covering & lining epithelium |
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Definition
| one of the two types of epithelial tissues; forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs & the inner lining of the blood vessels, duct, body cavities; lines the interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems |
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Term
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Definition
| the first tissue formed in the human embryo from which all other tissues of the body develop |
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Term
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Definition
| the side opposite the apical surface; this surface often adheres to extracellular materials such as the basement membrane |
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Term
| pseudostratified epithelium |
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Definition
| appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and some of the cells do NOT reach the apical surface |
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Term
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Definition
| contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membranes, that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| the layer of the basement membrane that is closer to the underlying connective tissue and secreted by the connective tissue cells |
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Term
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Definition
| contact points between the plasma membranes of the tissue cells |
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Term
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Definition
| covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities and forms glands; has 3 major functions: barriers that limit or aid the transfer of substances into & out of the body; secretory surfaces that release products produced by the cells onto their free surfaces; protective surfaces that resist the abrasive influences of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the side of an epithelial cell that faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen (interior space) of an internal organ, or a tubular duct that receives cell secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid-filled tunnels formed between cells which allow diffusion of small molecules, nutrients & wastes and enable nerve & muscle impulses to spread rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| the intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
| contain the membrane proteins called connexins which form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells allowing transfer of chemical & electrical signals; the plasma membranes are not fused together |
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Term
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Definition
| The name for the property of a tissue having no blood supply of its own |
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Term
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Definition
| detects changes in a variety of conditions inside & outside the body; responds by generating action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| re weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells; prevent passage of substances between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the protein found in the basement membrane to which integrins from cells attach |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary germ layer that gives rise to the gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, urethra and respiratory tract |
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Term
| stratified columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| an epithelial tissue having several layers of irregularly shaped cells; the apical cells are columnar; its function is protection & secretion |
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Term
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| the tissue in which cells appear like columns (taller than they are wide); cell nuclei are oval & located near the basal surface of the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| the simple squamous epithelium which lines the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| a gland whose duct does not branch |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulate their secretory products in their cytosol; as the secretory cell matures it ruptures & becomes the secretory product; the sloughed off cell is replaced by a new cell (sebaceous glands of the skin). |
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Term
| Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| the tissue which contains 2 types of cells: ones with microvilli at their apical surfaces & goblet cells |
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Term
| stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
| an epithelial tissue having 2 or more layers of cells of which the cells in the apical layer are cube-shaped; function is protection & limited secretion & absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| change shape, from flat to cuboidal & back as organs such as the urinary bladder stretch to a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size |
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Term
| Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| an epithelial tissue in which cells in the apical layer are flat; those of the deep layers vary from cuboidal to columnar; the basal cells undergo cell division & are pushed upward toward the apical layer; this tissue does not contain keratin in the apical layer and remains moist; found lining the mouth & esophagus. |
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Term
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Definition
| he simple squamous epithelium which forms the epithelial layer of the serous membranes |
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Term
| Simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
| he simple squamous epithelium which forms the epithelial layer of the serous membranes |
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Term
| Pseudostratified nonciliated columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| an epithelial tissue which has no cilia or goblet cells |
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Term
| Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| an epithelial tissue in which the cells that extend to the surface have cilia or secrete mucus (goblet cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| store triglycerides (fats); the are found deep to the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys; they are also called adipose cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| re arranged like floor tiles & are thin, which allows for the rapid passage of substances through the cells |
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Term
| Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| an epithelial tissue in which cells in the apical layer are flat; those of the deep layers vary from cuboidal to columnar; the basal cells undergo cell division & are pushed upward toward the apical layer where they dehydrate and contain a layer of keratin (a tough, fibrous protein). |
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Term
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Definition
| the material located between the widely spaced cells in connective tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| the material located between the widely spaced cells in connective tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell; then that portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the secretion; the remaining part of the cell repairs itself & repeats the process. |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ; their ducts may be branched or unbranched; their secreting portions may be tube shaped or flask shaped. |
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Term
| ciliated simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| an epithelial tissue which has cells with cilia at its apical surface & goblet cells; this tissue is found in the respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
| inger-like cytoplasmic projections which increase the surface area of the plasma membranes of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a gland which has a duct that branches |
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Term
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Definition
| much taller than they are wide, like columns, & protect underlying tissues; their apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli; they are often specialized for secretion and absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| single-celled such as goblet cells which secrete directly onto the apical surface of a lining epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| large, flat cells with branching processes which are present in several connective tissues; they secrete fibers and certain components of the ground substance of the extracellular matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| white blood cells that are abundant along blood vessels that supply connective tissue; they produce histamine which is part of the body's inflammatory reponse; they can also bind to, ingest, & kill bacteria. |
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Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| the tissue in which the nucleus of each cell is a flattened oval or sphere and is centrally located; found at sites where the processes of filtration (blood in kidneys) or diffusion (oxygen into capillaries) occur; this tissue is NOT found in body areas that are subject to mechanical stress (wear & tear). |
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Term
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Definition
| secretions are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted & packaged by the Golgi complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| as tall as they are wide and are shaped like cubes or hexagons; they may have microvilli at their apical surfaces & function in either secretion or absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| an epithelial tissue in which the cells in apical layer range from squamous (when stretched) to cubiodal (when relaxed); its function is to permit distension |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering & lining epithelium such as the skin or the lumen of a hollow organ |
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Term
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Definition
| develop from white blood cells called monocytes; they are cells with an irregular shape & short branching projections; they can engulf bacteria & cellular debris by phagocytosis. |
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Term
| elastic connective tissue |
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Definition
| a connective tissue where branching elastic fibers predominate; fibroblasts are present in the spaces between the fibers; it is a strong tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| a GAG found in the cornea of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| large organic polysaccharide molecules which occur in the ground substance of connective tissues; they trap water which makes the ground substance more jellylike |
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Term
| aerolar connective tissue |
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Definition
| one of the most widely distributed connective tissues in the body; has all 3 types of fibers arranged randomly; makes up part of the subcutaneous layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| a covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| the cells of mature cartilage occuring singly or in groups within lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of connective tissue which contains more numerous, thicker & denser fibers but fewer cells than loose connective |
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Term
| adipose connective tissue |
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Definition
| a connective tissue whose cells, derived from fibroblasts, are called adipocytes which store trigycerides; this tissue is found where ever areolar connective is located. |
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Term
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Definition
| has chondrocytes scattered among thick bundles of collagen fibers; it lacks a perichondrium; it is the strongest of the cartilages; it is found in the intervertebral discs |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones, which are organs composed of several different connective tissues, also called |
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Term
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Definition
| the component of connective tissue between the cells & fibers; it may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified; it supports cells, binds them together, stores, water & provides a medium through which substances are exchanged between blood & cells; it plays an active role in how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate, change shape and also in how they carry out their metabolic functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| develop from white blood cells called B lymphocytes; they secrete antibodies which are proteins that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body; they are an important part of the body's immune response. |
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Term
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Definition
| the main adhesion protein in connective tissue which binds to both collagen fibers and ground substance linking them together; it also attaches cells to the ground substance. |
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Term
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Definition
| a GAG found in the skin, tendons, blood vessels & heart valves |
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Term
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Definition
| a viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs; it does not combine with proteins |
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Term
| dense irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
| has collagen fibers that are irregularly arranged; found in parts of the body where the pulling forces are exerted in various directions such as the dermis of the skin or the pericardium of the heart. |
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Term
| dense regular connective tissue |
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Definition
| has bundles of collagen fibers that are regularly arranged in parallel patterns that provide great strength to with stand pulling along the axis of the fibers; fibroblasts appear in rows between the fibers; found in tendons & ligaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| growth from within cartilage due to division of existing chondrocytes; this growth occurs during childhood & adolescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| strong flexible fibers which resist pulling forces & often occur in parallel bundles; formed from the protein collagen & found in most types of connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| the supporting framework of many soft organs; mainly reticular connective tissue which contains many reticular fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| found in the ground substance; they are responsible for linking components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| mesodermal embryonic cells that give rise to the cells of connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| fine bundles of collagen coated with glycoprotein; much thinner than the collagen bundles; form branching networks providing support & strength and help from the basement membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a dense network of collagen & elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel-like component of the ground substance; stonger than loose & dense connective tissues. |
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Term
| reticular connective tissue |
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Definition
| consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers & reticular cells; it forms the stroma of soft organs; helps bind together smooth muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| chondrocytes located within the threadlike network of elastic fibers; it does have a perichondrium; it provides both strength & elasticity. |
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Term
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Definition
| growth at the outer surface of cartilage; cells in the inner layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts which secrete matrix; this growth begins later than interstitial growth and continues through adolescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller in diameter than collagen fibers; they branch & form a network; composed of the protein elastin surrounded by the glycoprotein fibrillin; can stretch to 150 % of their relaxed length without breaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| very large molecules which are a combination of GAGs and protein; the core is protein and the GAGs project from the protein like bristles of a bottle brush |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common type of cartilage; it has thin, fine collagen fibers in a resilient gel; chondrocytes are found in lacunae; it is mostly surrounded by perichondrium; provides flexibiliy & support and reduces friction & shock. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of connective tissue having fibers that are loosely intertwined between cells; includes areolar, adipose & reticular connective |
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Term
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Definition
| the spaces in the extracellular matrix of cartilage and bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| a GAG which provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage bone skin & blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| line body cavities that do NOT open directly to the exterior and cover the organs that lie within those cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| concentric rings of extracellular matrix containing mineral salts which give bone its hardness and collagen fibers which give bone its strength; the rings are parts of an osteon. |
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Term
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Definition
| the layer of a serous membrane which covers and adheres to the organs within the cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| striated, branching, involuntary, has one centrally located nucleus per fiber and the fibers attach to one another by intercalated discs which have both desmosomes and gap junctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually involuntary, nonstriated with a single, centrally located nucleus in a small spindle-shaped fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons and muscle cells which exhibit electrical excitability, the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing actions potentials, are called: |
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Term
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Definition
| mature bone cells which are found in lacunae within the extracellular matrix of bone are called |
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Term
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Definition
| the extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels; it is a connective tissue consisting of several types of cells in a clear liquid matrix that is similar to blood plasma but has fewer proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell fragments in blood that participate in blood clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve tissue cells which do NOT generate or conduct nerve impulses are called ; their function is to support the activity of neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| columns of bone within spongy bone; red bone marrow is found in the spaces between the columns. |
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Term
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Definition
| he liquid extracellular matrix of blood; it is a pale yellow fluid consisting mostly of water which has a wide variety of substances dissolved in it |
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Term
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Definition
| he process of scar tissue formation when fibroblasts are active in the tissue repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| the strongest osseous tissue having the osteon as the basic structural unit; this type of tissue is found in long bones and the surfaces of all bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| a watery lubricant that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of columns of bone called trabeculae which contain lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi; it does not have osteons |
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Term
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Definition
| the replacement of worn-out, damaged or dead cells by parenchymal cell |
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Term
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Definition
| networks of small canals projecting out from the lacunae and containing the processes of osteocytes; they provide routes for nutrients to reach the osteocytes and for wastes to be removed from them. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of concentric rings of extracellular matrix of mineral salts and collagen fibers; lacunae in the matrix contain osteocytes; projecting from the lacunae are small canals containing the processes of osteocytes; a central canal contains blood vessels and nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| line body cavities that open directly to the exterior; they are a barrier to microbes; their connective tissue layer is areolar connective called the lamina propria. |
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Term
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Definition
| flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| line the cavities of freely moving joints and contain connective tissue but no epithelium; these cavities are not open to the exterior of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of a neuron which contains the nucleus and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| blood are the cells that are involved in phagocytosis, immunity and allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| he parts of a neuron which receive stimuli; they are usually short, tapering highly-branched cell processes which are connected to the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| the layer of a serous membrane which is attached to and lines the walls of the cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| lubricates and nourishes the articular cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages that remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in blood which carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron is a thin cylindrical process that may be very long and carries the nerve impulse to another neuron or another tissue; there is usually only one of these per neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| a connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix and formed elements (cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| the connective tissue layer of mucous membranes; it is composed of areolar connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of elongated cells called fibers which use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to generate force producing movements, maintaining posture and generating heat. |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cells which are sensitive to various stimuli which they convert into electrical signals called action potential or nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| usually attached to bone of the skeleton, is voluntary (under conscious control), is striated, is a contractile tissue and the fibers are cylindrical with cell nuclei at the periphery of the fiber. |
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