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| Set sail in 1492 on 3 boats (Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria) in an attempt to reach Asia by sailing west from Spain; ended up discovering the New World (America). Treated natives poorly in his quest for gold. |
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| a Florentine merchant and navigator. made his first voyage to the New World in 1499, but was mistakenly credited as having made it to South America in 1497, one year before Columbus. For this reason, it was decided that the new continent be named after Vespucci |
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| A Spanish system in which favored officers became landowners who controlled Indian villages, or groups of villages |
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| Island near the Outer Banks of North Carolina; first land to be colonized by the English, which occurs in 1587 when 117 settlers arrive. By 1590 there is no remaining record of the colonists. |
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| Charted by James I; stockholders invested in the company expecting a return from gold and products from the New World, and the hope for the discovery of a passage to India |
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| English name for Wahunsonacock, the leader of some thirty Algonquian-speaking tribes in eastern Virginia, called the Powhatan Confederacy |
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| founded in 1607; first permanent English colony, located in Virginia near what is now named the James River |
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| Tobacco planter and experimenter. Created a smooth-tasting variety of Virginia and Caribbean tobacco in 1616, which quickly gained popularity. Was also married to Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan |
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| Appointed as a member of the resident council to manage Jamestown; imposed the "he that will not work shall not eat" rule |
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| Sir George Calvert was the first Lord Baltimore, who sought a colony for English Catholics, located in Maryland. The charter for the colony is issued in 1632 after his death, whereupon his son (the second Lord Baltimore), Cecilius Calvert, founded the colony in 1634 at St. Mary's near the mouth of the Potomac. |
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| A formal agreement made by 41 of the Pilgrims who settled in Plymouth which stated that they would abide by laws made by leaders of their own choosing; helped establish the American tradition of consensual government |
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| people recognized as having been elected by God for salvation |
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| Protestants; colonized in Massachusetts Bay |
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| Model of Christian Charity |
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| A speech made by Governor John Winthrop aboard the Arbella (embarked for Massachusetts), in which he states to his fellow Puritans that “we must consider that we shall be a city upon a hill” |
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| Governor and Founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony |
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| A Separatist who challenged the social and religious status quo. He believed that no “true church” was possible and in the complete separation of church and state, along with the freedom of religion; After being banished by Salem officials he establishes the town of Providence, the first permanent settlement in Rhode Island and the first settlement to legislate freedom of religion |
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| Made the allegation that most Puritan ministers were incompetent and promoted the idea good conduct would ensure one’s salvation; was banished by Gov. Winthrop and settled in an area that is near what is now Portsmouth, Rhode Island, and moved to Long Island upon her husband’s death |
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| Occurred in 1637, Pequots, lead by their chief, Sassacus, attacked colonists. Colonists and their Narrangansett allies killed hundreds of Pequots, while the majority of the surviving Pequots were sold into slavery in Bermuda; in 1638, under the Treaty of Hartford, the Pequot nation was dissolved |
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| 1675 – Philip (Metacom), chief of the Wampanoags, forged an alliance with the remaining tribes in southern New England to commit an organized attack on the English. This attack lasted through 1676 and resulted in the deaths of over 3,000 Indians (including Metacom); symbolized the end of organized resistance to white expansion |
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| Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina |
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| drawn up by Lord Ashley-Cooper; involved a cumbersome form of government and encouraged a practice of large land grants and religious toleration, even to Jews and other “heathens” |
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| A cluster of Indian Tribes such as the Apalachee, Timucua, Catawba, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Tuscarora |
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| Organized in 1602, much like the Virginia Company, hired Henry Hudson to seek a passage to China – ends up discovering Delaware Bay and explored the Hudson River in 1609; Meets up with the Mohawk tribe, creating a lasting trade between the Dutch and Iroquois nations |
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| a federation of five tribes – the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca (and later the Tuscaroras); roughly 12,000 members of the Iroquois league, lead by some fifty sachems, who made decisions for the villages and served to minimize tribal rivalries and dissension |
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| founder of the Iroquois confederacy; was either a leader of the Onondaga or Mohawk tribe |
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| founded in 1647 by George Fox and originally called the Society of Friends; adopted the name “Quakers” because of their preaching that followers must “tremble at the word of the Lord”; the most influential of many radical groups that was founded during the English Civil War – experienced persecution |
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| founder of Pennsylvania; converted to Quakerism in 1667. Received proprietary rights to Pennsylvania’s land from Charles II in 1681 |
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| General; was a resident trustee of Georgia and organized the colony’s defenses. Also championed prison reform and sought a refuge for the poor/religiously persecuted; founded Savannah along with 120 others in 1733 |
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| slaves labored to work for a certain amount of time in exchange for necessities during the term of their indenture, such as food, lodging, clothing, etc; were not paid wages, and most either performed manual labor or performed domestic servitude |
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| Architectural style brought from East Anglia; featured two stories in front and one in back |
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| Those, in the colonies, who were either rich or high in power |
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| A policy adopted in 1614 in which each of the Virginia Company’s colonists received three acres of land, so that every settler in the colony had a plot |
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| New aristocracy’s lifestyle adapted to that of the English country gentleman; he indulged in the pleasures of hunting, fishing, riding, etc.; planters kept in touch with London fashion and style and often lived on credit extended for future years’ crops |
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| Adopted in 1622 by an assembly of ministers at Boston, baptized Puritan children could be admitted to a “half-way” membership, where their own children could be baptized but they could not vote or take communion |
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| Born in Boston in 1706; edited and published the Pennsylvania Gazette, established a fire company, and invented the lightning rod and Franklin stove; had a passion for science – his speculations extended widely to the fields of medicine, meteorology, geology, astronomy, and physics |
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| a Congregationalist minister in Northampton, in western Massachusetts; considered one of America’s most brilliant philosophers and theologians, he developed a mystical religious strain while attending Yale. In 1726 he took charge of the Congregational church in Northampton and was convinced that religion had become “too intellectual” and had lost its animating force; inspired by Whitefield and gave his most famous sermon in 1741 entitled “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”; instrumental in the Great Awakening |
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| a catalyst to the Great Awakening; reawakening the notion of individual salvation. He was a preacher who “enthralled audiences with his unparalleled eloquence” and stressed the need for individuals to experience a “new birth” |
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| The first line of colonial control; 30-40 advisors appointed by the King of Britain |
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| Placed limits on colonial exports/imports; no foreign shipping; certain goods may only be shipped to England or colonies |
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| Policies which revolve around the idea that foreign trade is important for the prosperity of a state; reflected by high tariffs, exclusive trade with colonies, colonial expansion, limited wages, use of primarily domestic resources, etc. |
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| Granted by Great Britain to customs officers; allowed them to search without a warrant, without reason; was implemented in order to enforce the Navigation Acts |
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| goods which, under the Navigation Act of 1660, could only be shipped to England or other colonies, such as tobacco, ginger, cotton, indigo, sugar, fur, dyewoods, masts, and copper ore |
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| an administrative body formed by the privy council which was in charge of trade ties between the colonies and Great Britain; investigated the enforcement of the Navigation Acts and were reported to by colonial officials |
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| In 1685, James II supports Catholicism and has a Catholic son, but is overthrown by Mary, his protestant daughter, and her husband, William of Orange, who then assume the thrown |
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| occurred in 1686; was an attempted unification of English colonies, which involved all colonies south through New Jersey; failed because its governor, Sir Edmund Andros, was unpopular |
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| British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws which were imposed to keep the colonies loyal to England (such as the Navigation Acts) |
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| used to describe Indians who converted to Christianity |
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| A global military conflict from 1756-1763 which included the French-Indian War; war between world powers (ie France and England) |
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| a meeting of representatives from seven colonies in 1754, called to discuss better relations with native Indian tribes and defensive measures against the French; met daily in Albany, New York from June 19-July 11 |
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| Native American war occurring in 1763 in which natives sought to drive the British colonists out of the Great Lakes, Illinois county, and Ohio county regions; named after Pontiac, the Ottawa leader of the conflict |
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| 1763 – end to the French-Indian War, and ended French power in North America; Britain took all French possession east of the Mississippi River and Spain took Florida, Louisiana, and all French possessions west of the Mississippi River |
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