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Thorax
Flash Cards from the blue box for Intro and Ch.1
72
Anatomy
Professional
09/03/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term

 

 

Tension Lines

Definition
  • keep the skin taut
  • lacerations or surgical incisions that parallel lines usually heal with less scarring
  • if perpendicular to the lines keloid (excessive) scarring can occur
  • stretch marks come from excessive stretching- they can shrink but never disappear
Term
Burns
Definition

1st degree- limited to superficial part of epidermis

2nd- damage from epidermis to superficial part of dermis

3rd- entire epidermis, dermis, and underlying muscle are damaged, open ulcerated portion requires skin grafting to heal

note- the extent not the degree is more important in estimating the effect on well-being of patient

Term
Heterotopic Bones
Definition
Bones that form in soft tissue where they are not normally present. can come from chronic muscle strain resulting in small hemorrhagic areas that calcify then ossify
Term
Bone Adaptation
Definition
  • unused bones atrophy (decrease in size)
  • can be absorbed
  • hypertrophy (enlarge) when increased weight to support for long periods of time
Term
Bone Trauma and Repair
Definition
  • fracture-break
  • to heal a fracture the bones must be brought to close to normal position- reduction of fracture
  • fibroblasts- connective tissue cells- secrete collagen to form a collar of callus to hold bone together
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
  • Bone degeneration
  • reduction of bone quantity or atrophy of skeletal tissue
  • bones become brittle, loose elasticity, fracture
Term
Accessory Bones
Definition
  • form when additional ossification centers appear and form extra bones
  • sutural bones- seen along the sutures of the cranium where the flat bones come together
  • common in the foot
Term
Assessment of Bone Age
Definition
  1. The appearance of calcified material in the diaphysis and or epiphysis
  2. the disappearance of the dark line representing the epiphysial plate
  • can be helpful in predicting adult height
  • approximate age of human skeletal remains
Term
Displacement and Separation of Epiphysis
Definition
  • when fractured in an adult the same thing will only cause displacement in a child
  • a displaced epiphysial plate could be mistaken for a fracture and separation mistaken for a displaced piece of fractured bone

* Fractures leave sharp and often uneven edges of bone

Term
Avascular Necrosis
Definition

loss of blood supply to an epiphysis or other bone part results in death of bone tissue

 

after every fracture a small amount of avascular necrosis occurs

Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition
  • degenerative joint disease
  • common in older people and usually affects joints that support body weight
  • degenerative changes in joints result in the articular cartilage becoming less effective as a shock absorber and lubricated surface
Term
Muscle testing
Definition
  1. Person performs movements that resist those produced by the examiner (active)
  2. The examiner performs movements against resistance prodced by the person
Term
Electromyography
Definition

EMG-makes it possible to analyze indiv activity and is used in restoring the action of muscles

  1. Examinar places surface electrodes over a muscle and asks the person to perform movements
  2. amplifies and records differences baseline activity(tonus) occurs while sleeping
Term
Muscular Atrophy
Definition

May be caused by:

  1. immobilization of a limb
  2. primary disorder of the muscle
  3. lesion of a motor unit
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition

1. Compensatory hypertrophy- myocardium responds to increasing deman by increase fiber size

ex) when myocardial necrosis occurs and forms a myocardial infarct (MI)

Term
Anastomoses
Definition

communications

arteries- provide numerous potential detours for blood flow in case the usual pathway is obstructed

Term
Collateral Circulation
Definition
  • ensures blood supply to structures distal to the blockage
  • collateral pathways take time to develop
Term
Terminal Arteries
Definition
those that do not anastomose
Term
Functional Terminal Arteries
Definition
arteries with ineffectual anastomoses
Term
Anteriosclerosis
Definition
  • hardening of arteries
  • atherosclerosis- common form- associated with build up of fat in arterial walls
  • atheromatous plaque- formed by calcium deposits cause arterial narowing and irregularity
Term
Varicose Veins
Definition
  • abnormally swollen, twisted veins, most often seen in legs
  • valve cusps do not meet or have been destroyed by inflammation
Term

1) Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis

2) Lymphedema

Definition

1) 2ndary inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes (respectively)

2) the accumulation of inerstitial fluid

Term
Damage to CNS
Definition
  • injured axons do not recover in most cases
  • proximal stumps begin to regenerate sending sprouts into their area of lesion but growth is blocked by astrocyte proliferation 
  • permanent disability follow destruction of CNS
Term
Peripheral Nerve Degeneration
Definition
  • axons degenerate distal to the lesion
  • no surgical repair is necessary ofr a crushing nerve injury
  • constricting nerve blood may result in ischemia
Term
THORAX
Definition
STARTS HERE WITH CARD 25
Term
Role of Costal Cartilages
Definition
Prolong the ribs anteriorly and contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic wall
Term
Rib Fractures
Definition
  • Weakest part of the rib is just anterior to its angle
  • middle ribs are commonly fractured

 

Term
Flail Chest
Definition
  • When sizeable segment of the anterior and/or lateral thoracic wall moves freely because of multiple rib fractures
  • extremely painful and impairs ventilation
Term
Supernumerary Ribs
Definition

Increased or decreased by cervical and/or lumbar ribs

Cervical Ribs- can compress spinal nerves C8 and T1

Term
Sternal Fractures
Definition

not common

usually has a comminuted fracture- broken in several places

Term
Median Sternotomy
Definition
sternum is divided in the median plane and retracted during surgeries and held tgether with wired sutures when surgery is complete
Term
Paralysis of Diaphragm
Definition

can result due to injury to its motor supply from the phrenic nerve

 

each half is seperate

 

instead of descending on inspiration the paralyzed portion is pushed superiorly

Term
Anterior Thoracotomy
Definition

and H shaped cut through the perichondrium of one or more costal cartilages and then shelling out segments of costal cartilage to gain entrance to the thoracic cavity

 

* posteriolateral aspects of 5th and 7th for posterior thoracotomy

Term
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Definition
Superior thoracic aperature emphasizing the important nerves and arteries
Term
Dislocation of Ribs
Definition

slipping rib syndrome

displacement of the of a costal cartilage from the sternum

 

rib separation- dislocation of a costochondral jnct

Term
Colostrum
Definition

creamy white to yellowinsh premilk fluid, may secrete from the nipple during the last trimester and initial nursing episodes

 

rich in protein, immune agents, and a growth factor

Term
Polymastia
Definition

supernumerary breasts

 

may occur along a line from the axilla to the groin, along the mammary crest

Term
polythelia
Definition
supernumerary nipples
Term
Peau d'orange
Definition
result of breast cancer where the skin has a multiple dimple effect looking like an orange peel
Term
Subareolar Breast Cancer
Definition
may cause inversion of the nipple by the shortening of the lactiferous ducts due to invasion of the cancer
Term
Mammography
Definition
radiographic examination of the breast
Term
Herpes Zoster Infection
Definition
shingles- a viral disease of spinal ganglia is a dermatomally distributed skin lesion
Term
Dyspnea
Definition
Difficult breathing
Term
Intercostal Nerve Block
Definition
local anesthesia of an intercostal space is produced by injecting a local agent around the intercostal nerve
Term
Pulmonary Collapse
Definition
If a sufficient amount of air enters the pleural cavity the surface tension adhering the visceral to parietal pleura is broken amdd the long has an elastic recoil
Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
entry of air into the pleural cavity
Term
hydrothorax
Definition
may result from plural effusion- escape of fluid into the pleural cavity
Term
hemothorax
Definition
blood enter into the pleural cavity
Term
Chylothorax
Definition
lymph from a torn thoracic duct may enter pleural cavity
Term
Pleuritis
Definition

inflammation of the pleurae

 

the resulting friction may be heard

Term
Azygous Lobe
Definition
occurs in 1% of people the azygous vein arches over the apex of the right lung and not over the right hilum, isolating the medial part of the apex as an azygous lobe
Term
Thoracentesis
Definition
the needle is inserted high enough to avoid damage to the intercostal nerve and vessel
Term
Ausculation of the Lungs
Definition
accessing air fow through the tracheobronchial tree into the lung with a stethoscope
Term
Percussion of the Lungs
Definition

-tapping the chest over the lungs with the finger

airfilled- resonant

fluid filled- dull sounds

solid- flat sound

 

Term
Injury to Pleurae
Definition

-visceral- insensitive to pain because its innervation is autonomic

-parietal- sensitive to pain because supplied by branches of the somatic intercostal and phrenic nerves

-pain is referred and local

Term
Thoracoscopy
Definition
diagnostic and sometimes therapeutic procedure in which the pleura cavity is examined with a thoracoscope
Term
Pulmonary Embolism
Definition
obstruction of pulmonary artery by a blood clot
Term
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Definition
lung cancer that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree
Term
carina
Definition
ridge between the orifices of the main bronchi
Term
Pericarditis
Definition

inflammation of the pericardium

makes the surface rough and the resulting friction

Term
Pericardial effusion
Definition
passage of fluid from the pericardial capillaries into the pericardial cavity
Term
Cardiac Tamponade
Definition
heart compression
Term
cardiomegaly
Definition
slow increase in the size of the heart
Term
percussion
Definition

the density and size of the heart

performed at the 3,4,5 intercostal spaces

Term
Atrial Septal Defect
Definition
incomplete closure to the oval foramen
Term
Stenosis
Definition
failure of the valve to open fully, slowing blood flow from a chamber
Term
Valvular insufficiency/ regurgitation
Definition
failure of the valve to close completely
Term
Myocardial infarction
Definition
an area of myocardium that has undergone necrosis
Term
atherosclerotic process
Definition
characterized by lipid deposits in the intima(lining layer) of the coronary arteries, slowly reults in stenosis of the lumina of the arteries
Term
myocardial ischema
Definition
insufficiency of blood supply to the heart
Term
recurrent laryngeal nerve
Definition
supply the intrinsic muscle of the larynx except one
Term
coarctation of aorta
Definition
the arch of the aorta or the descending aorta has an abnormal narrowing
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