Term
|
Definition
between root of neck and abdomen
musculoskeletal wall
mediastinum & 2 pulmonary cavities |
|
|
Term
| superior thoracic aperture |
|
Definition
thoracic inlet
manubrium, 1st ribs, 1st thoracic vertebra
lateral: supra pleura membrane, scalene muscles
central opening |
|
|
Term
| inferior thoracic aperture |
|
Definition
thoracic outlet
xiphoid process, costal margin, ribs 11 and 12, 12th thoracic vertebra
inferior: diaphragm |
|
|
Term
diaphragm
(general structure, action, superior borders, innervation) |
|
Definition
general: muscular boundary with tendinous central area
action: primary breath muscle
superior border: 5th ICS right, 6th ICS left
innervation: vagus, C3,4,5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"handle" of sword on sternum
has jugular notch, 2 clavicular notches
articulates with rib 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has sternal angle and costal notches for ribs 2-7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sternal angle, lies at T4/5 level, rib 2 articulates here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inferior point of sternum, xiphisternal joint, articulates with rib 7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sternum divided during open heart procedures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common in auto accidents; most common at manubriosternal joint |
|
|
Term
| bone biopsies (common site) |
|
Definition
| sternum, contains red marrow, site for hematopoiesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ribs 1-7
costal cartilage attaches directly to sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ribs 8-10
costal cartilage attaches to rib above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ribs 11 and 12
anterior ends don't attach to sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end of rib closest to vertebral column, articulates with superior and inferior demifacets of vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flattened portion of rib that extends lateral from head, placed in front of transverse process of lower 2 of vertebrae with which the head articulates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| projection off the posterior surface at the junction of head and neck; more inferiorly located on rib; articulates with transverse process of matching thoracic vertebra number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long portion of rib from lateral to the neck and tubercle to the anterior attachment to costal cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| costal angle, sharpest bending point of rib, weakest poing, located on posterior portion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groove or depression on the inferior, internal border of the rib; contains intercostal vessels and nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bars of hyaline cartilage; servet to prolong ribs forward and contribute to elasticity of the thoracic wall; only found anteriorly |
|
|
Term
cervical rib - "thoracic outlet syndrome"
(explain, symptoms) |
|
Definition
at the superior thoracic aperture; can compress subclavian atery and lower parts of brachial plexus
symptoms: cold clammy skin, numbness and tingling in C8 and T1 dermatomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakest point is just anterior to the angle, sharp edges can puncture lungs, spleen; can be a complication of CPR |
|
|
Term
| typical thoracic vertebra |
|
Definition
| heart-shaped body; round vertebral foramen; long, downward pointing spinous process; 3 facets (superior and inferior demifacet, transverse costal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
head of rib with superior and inferior demifacets of adjacent vertebrae
tubercle with transverse costal facet (corresponding #) |
|
|
Term
| surface anatomy: superior sternum |
|
Definition
| surface anatomy: T2 level |
|
|
Term
| surface anatomy: sternal angle |
|
Definition
| surface anatomy: T4/5 level |
|
|
Term
| surface anatomy: inferior tip of xiphoid process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dermatome: horizontal through nipple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dermatome: horizontal through umbilicus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior vertical, through middle of sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior vertical, through midpoint of each clavicle, also passes through nipple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral vertical, through center of axilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior vertical, through the spinous processes of vertebral column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior vertical, through inferir angle of each scapula |
|
|
Term
| surface anatomy: lung and pleura anterior |
|
Definition
surface anatomy:
midclavicular line
lung: rib 6
pleura: rib 8 |
|
|
Term
| surface anatomy: lung and pleura lateral |
|
Definition
surface anatomy:
midaxillary line
lung: rib 8
pleura: rib 10 |
|
|
Term
| surface anatomy: lung and pleura posterior |
|
Definition
surface anatomy:
scapular line
lung: rib 10
lung: T12 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spaces between adjacent ribs
named for rib superior to space
11 total
muscles, arteries, veins, and nerves |
|
|
Term
external intercostal muscles
(origin, insert, nerve, action, fiber direction) |
|
Definition
origin: lower border of rib
insert: upper border of rib
nerve: intercostal
action: raise ribs, inhalation
fiber direction: inferomedially
end anteriorly before sternum |
|
|
Term
internal intercostal m.
(origin, insert, nerve, action, fiber direction) |
|
Definition
origin: lower border rib
insert: upper border rib
nerve: intercostal
action: depress ribs, exhalation
fiber direction: superomedially
extend throughout intercostal space |
|
|
Term
innermost intercostal m.
(origin, insert, nerve, action, fiber direction) |
|
Definition
origin: lower border of rib
insert: upper border of rib
nerve: intercostal
action: elevate ribs
fiber direction: superomedially
only found laterally |
|
|
Term
transverse thoracis m
(origin, insert, nerve, action) |
|
Definition
origin: posterior of lower sternum and xiphoid
insert: inner surface of costal cartilages 2-6
nerve: intercostal
action: depress ribs, exhalation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intercostal n., a., v.
located between internal and innermost intercostal m., travels in costal groove |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arise from thoracic aorta
supply posterior to lateral ICS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arise from internal thoracic a.
musculophrenic branch of ITA gives rise to AIC a. fro ICS 8,9,10
supplies anterior to lateral ICS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arise from subclavian a.
one on each side of sternum
give rise to anterior intercostal aa.
2 branches inferiorly: musculophrenic, superior epigastric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one of the inferior branches of internal thoracic a.
gives rise to 8, 9, and 10 anterior intercostal aa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the inferior branches of the internal thoracic a. |
|
|
Term
| intercostal arterial anastomsosis |
|
Definition
| allows collateral circulation between thoracic aorta and internal thoracic arteries to the ICS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drains into the musculophrenic and internal thoracic v. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
drain into azygos v on right
drain into hemiazygos v on left |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anterior primary rami of T1-T11
contain GSA and GSA fibers
innervate intercostal m. and transversus thoracis
give off lateral and anterior cutaneous branches to skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T12 nerve that is like the intercostal n. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anterior: sternum
posterior: vertebral bodies
superior: superior thoracic aperture
inferior: diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superior, inferior anterior, inferior middle, inferior posterior |
|
|
Term
| inferior middle mediastinum contents |
|
Definition
| pericardium, heart, root of great vessels, nerves and smaller vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SVC, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sac of dense, fibrous CT
attaches to diaphragm
surrounds entire heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has two layers: parietal and visceral |
|
|
Term
| parietal serous pericardium |
|
Definition
| attach to the in inside of fibrous pericardium |
|
|
Term
| visceral serous pericardium |
|
Definition
| aka epicardium; intimately adhered to the outer surface of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potential space around heart created by the fibrous and serous pericardium that are continuous with one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines of reflection where the visceral pericardium becomes continuous with the parietal pericardium aroudn the roots of the great vessels |
|
|
Term
| transverse pericardial sinus |
|
Definition
| passage between inflow channel (SVC and pulm. v) and the outflow changesl (aorta and pulm trunk) |
|
|
Term
| oblique pericardial sinus |
|
Definition
| recess posterior to the heart between the right and left pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phrenic n., C3,4,5
somatic = sensitive to pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
runs with phrenic n. between pleura and pericardium
long, slender branch from internal thoracic a. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
runs with phrenic n. between pleura and pericardium
drains to barchiocephalic v. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflamation of the pericardium
presents as sharp pain posterior to sternum
pericardial friction rub can be heard on auscultation
can lead to pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute inflammation of fluid or air in the pericardial cavity
compresses heart, reduces venous return, decreases cardiac output
potentially fatal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
needle inserted into pericardial sac to remove fluid
insert needle to left of xiphoid and aim to left shoulder
usually done with ultrasound guidance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 layer of heart wall
aka visceral serous pericardium, adheres intimately agasinst surface of heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
middle layer of heart wall
cardiac muscle (thicker in ventricles than atria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
innermost layer of heart wall
endothelial lining of chambers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs via pulmonary arteries
returns oxygen rich blood to left atrium via pulmonary vv. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body via aorta(s)
returns oxygen-poor blood to right atrium via superior and inferior vena cavas |
|
|
Term
| radiographic borders of heart |
|
Definition
right: right atrium, SVC
left: aortic arch (knob), pulmonary trunk, left atrium, left ventricle
apex: left ventricle tip'
inferior: left ventricle and right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| surface anatomy borders of heart |
|
Definition
right superior: 3rd costal cartilage at sternal margin
right inferior: 5th/6th costal cartilage at sternal margin
left superior: 2nd ICS at sternal margin
left inferior (apex): 5th ICS at midclavicular line |
|
|
Term
| surface anatomy heart chambers |
|
Definition
right atrium: right 3rd-5th costal cartilages and sternal border
left ventricle: left 3rd-5th ribs toward midclavicular line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depression between atria and ventricles, wraps around entire heart (not visible anteriorly) |
|
|
Term
| anterior interventricular sulcus |
|
Definition
depression between ventricles anteirorly
in this runs anterior IV a. (LAD) and great cardiac v. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tip of left ventricle, most inferior point of heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small conical muscular pouch attached to the right atrium
can be seen on anterior view of heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small conical muscular pouch attached to left atrium
can be seen on anterior view of heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sits in coronary sulcus
major vein of heart
drains directly into right atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
starts from left ventricle
located deep to 3rd costal cartilage
obliquely upward, forward, and to the right
gives off left and right coronary aa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
begins at base of right ventricle
short and wide
branches into right and left pulmonary a. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carry re-oxygenated blood to the left atrium
enter from right and left sides at two veins each |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large veins carries de-oxygenated blodo from lower half of body into right atrium
enters right atrium at the lower right, back side of heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large, short vein that carries deoxygenated blood from upper half of body to right atrium
enters the right atrium at upper, right, front portion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carries deoxygenated blood from heart to respective lung
arise from pulmonary trunk
bifurcation occurs on posterior, superior heart inferior to the arch of aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where posteiror interventricualr sulcus meets with coronary sulcus
where coronary sinus enters right atrium
marks intersection of all 4 chambers |
|
|
Term
| posterior interventricular sulcus |
|
Definition
groove or depression between ventricles posteriorly
where the posterior interventricular a. and middle cardiac v. run |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oval-shaped depression in the interatrial septum; represents the site of the foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vertical muscular ridge running anteriorly along the right atrial wall from the opening of the SVC to the opening of the IVC
provides the origin of the petinate m. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prominent ridges of atrial myocardium
located in the interior of auricles of both atria and on anterior surface of right atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
semilunar valve
right, left, and anterior cusps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth area just inferior to pulmonary trunk of right ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located between right atrium and ventricle
attaches inferiorly to papillary m.
anterior, posterior, and septal cusps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cone-shaped enveloped by endocardium
extend from the anterior and posterior ventricular walls and the septum to the chordae tendineae
tighten to prvent the cuspos from being everted by pressure developed in pumping action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka moderator band
only in right ventricle
extends between septum and anterior papillary m.
helps to conduct electric signal for contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anatomosing muscular ridges of myocardium in the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend fro mon papillary muscle to more than one cusp of AV valves, prevent eversion of valve cusps during ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remnant of foramen ovale in the left atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located between left atrium and ventricle
attaches inferiorly to papillary m.
anterior and posterior cusps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
place of origin of the papillary muscles
mostly muscular but has small membrous upper part |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larger of two atria, thinner wall of two, has lower atrial pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smaller of two atria, thicker wall of two, smooth walls except in auricle, higher atrial pressure
most posterior of four chambers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major portion of the anterior surface of heart
contains the septomarginal trabecula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lies at the back of heart and has apex that points downward, forward, and to the left
performs harder work, and has a thicker wall, is longer and narrower, more conical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lies between left ventricle and aorta
makes the second heart sound ("dub")
semilunar valve
right, left, and posterior cusps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
think cusps connected to the cordae tendinae
active valves (muscles hold them closed)
right = tricuspid
left = bicuspid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consist of 3 semilunar cusps
sinus is created between each cusp and vessel wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thickened edge of the cusps of a semilunar valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| center thickening of semilunar cusp edges where the cusps touch |
|
|
Term
| auscultation of aortic valve |
|
Definition
anterior surface
right 2nd ICS at sternal margin |
|
|
Term
| auscultation of pulmonary valve |
|
Definition
anterior surface
left 2nd ICS at sternal margin |
|
|
Term
| auscultation of tricuspid valve |
|
Definition
anterior surface
left 5th ICS at sternal margin |
|
|
Term
| auscultation of mitral valve |
|
Definition
anterior surface
left 5th ICS at midclavicular line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
condition in which opening of the valve is narrowed due to calcification or scarring on the valve leaflets
causes a murmur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
condition in which a valve does not close completely, allowing blood to regurgitate backwards through the valve
causes a murmur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
condition in which one or both leaflets of the mitral valve evert into left atrium, allowing blood to regurgitate back into left atrium during systole
causes midsystolic click |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
separates chambers of the heart
provides attachment for cardiac muscle and valve cusps
insulates electrical impulses of heart's conduction system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of cardiac skeleton
one surrounds each valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of cardiac skeleton
triangular area between the aortic and AV valves
has opening for bundle of His |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"pacemaker"
initiates contraction, sets pace to 60-70 bpm |
|
|
Term
| atroventricular (AV) node |
|
Definition
stimulated by SA node
propagates signal to AV bundle of His |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmits impulse to walls of ventricles |
|
|
Term
| right and left bundles of His |
|
Definition
descend toward apex on either side of interventricular septum
right bundle passes through right ventricle via the septomarginal trabecula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atria and ventricles relaxed
all valves closed
atria filling --> forces AV valves open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AV valves open
ventricles fill
SA node initiates atrial contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AV valves close
AV node initiates ventricular contraction
forces semilunar valves open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
semilunar valves open
ventricles contract
AV valves held closed by papillary m. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arise from right and left aortic sinuses
supply blood to heart and give off branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arise posterior ot pulmonary trunk
gives off anterior IV branch and circumflex a.
sometimes gives off sinuatrial node branch (40%) |
|
|
Term
| anteior interventricular a. |
|
Definition
aka left anterior descending (LAD), branch of left coronary a.
supplies left ventricle, most of IV septum and AV bundle of His |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branch of left coronary a.
supplies left atrium and left ventricle
sometimes gives off posterior interventricular a. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normally comes from right coronary a. (60%)
sometimes(40%) LCA via circumflex a. branch
supplies the SA node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
descend with coronary sulcus around right side of heart
supplies right atrium
gives off sinuatrial nodal a., right marginal a., and posterior interventricualr a. (usually) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branch off of right coronary a.
supplies right ventricle and apex |
|
|
Term
| posterior interventricular a. |
|
Definition
normally from RCA (60-70%)
sometimes from LCA via circumflex a. (15%)
sometimes from LCA and RCA (15%)
determines atrial dominance
supplies right and left ventricles and posterior 1/3 of IV septum
supplies the AV node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defined by coronary artery that gives rise to the posterior interventricualr a. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60-70% of population
posterior IV arises from RCA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15% of population
posterior IV a. arises from LCA
LCA then supplies all of IV septum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15% of population
posterior IV a. from RCA and LCA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accompanies left anterior descending a.
drains IV septum and right/left ventricles
wraps around in the coronary sulcus to drain into/become the coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accompanies RCA by right auricle
drains the anterior surface of right ventricle
empties directly into right atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
travels in posterior coronary sulcus
empties into right atrium near opening of IVC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accompanies right coronary a.
drains the posterior right atrium and ventricle
drains into the coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accompanies posterior IV a.
drains into coronary sulcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located aroudn teh birfucation of the trachea and arch of the aorta
has sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation along with visceral afferent fibers |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic innervation of heart |
|
Definition
cardiac branches from cervical and upper thoracic levels of sympathetic chain
increases heart rate and force of contraction
dilates coronary aa. |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic innervation of heart |
|
Definition
cardiac branches from vagus n. (CN X)
decrease heart rate and force of contraction
constricts coronary aa. |
|
|
Term
| visceral afferent innervation of heart |
|
Definition
| convey reflexive and nociceptive signals (in the case of ischemia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"heart attack"
sudden occlusion of coronary vessel, ischemia causes necrosis of myocardium
most common in LAD (40-50%), RCA (30-40%), circumflex a. (15-20%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phenomenon where noxious stimuli from heart (or other visceral organ) are perceived as pain
brain mixes up visceral afferent with somatic pain of same level nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive narrowing of the arteries caused by accumulation of fatty deposits in the wall of the arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used to visualize coronary arteries
catheter is placed in femoral a. and threaded up to the aorta to the coronary aa. to inject radiopaque contrast |
|
|
Term
| coronary a. bypass graft (CABG) |
|
Definition
| vessels from other regions of the body are sued to bypass the occluded coronary a. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
begins below the larynx at C6 level
composed of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
closed posteriorly by trachealis m.
bifurcates into right and left primary bronhi (T4/5 level) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shorter, wider, 25-30* from vertical, aspirate objects
gives off superior, middle, and inferior 2ndary bronchi
posterior most structure in the root of the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
longer, narrower, 45* from vertical
gives off superior and inferior secondary bronchi
posterior most structure in the root of lung |
|
|
Term
| right superior secondary bronchus |
|
Definition
respiration to bronchopulmonary segments I, II, II
rigth |
|
|
Term
| right middle secondary bronchus |
|
Definition
respiration to bronchopulmonary segments IV, V
right |
|
|
Term
| right inferior secondary bronchus |
|
Definition
respiration to bronchopulmonary segments VI, VII, VIII, IX, X
right |
|
|
Term
| left superior secondary bronchus |
|
Definition
respiration to bronchopulmonary segments I thru V
left |
|
|
Term
| left inferior secondary bronchus |
|
Definition
respiration to bronchopulmonary segments VI thru X
left |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cartilage piece that is found where the trachea bifurcates
T4/5 level |
|
|
Term
| conducting bronchial tree |
|
Definition
brings air into lungs
trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| respiratory bronchial tree |
|
Definition
site of gas exchange
respiratory bronchioles, alveoli |
|
|
Term
| last site of cartilage in bronchial tree |
|
Definition
terminal bronchi
after structures by smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
site of gas exchange
alveolar walls are thin squamous cell epithelium
surrounded by pulmonary capillaries and elastic fibers which allow recoil during exhalation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located on each side of mediastinum
contain the lungs and plurae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form a membranous sac that surrounds lung
composed of single layer of mesothelial cells
produce serous fluid to lubricate movements of lungs
2 layers that are continuous with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intimately attached to the surface of the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lines thoracic wall, lateral portion of mediastinum, and superior surface of diaphragm
has somatic innervation from intercostal and phrenic nn. - sensitive to pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superior of the parietal pleura, helps to close lateral portion of thoracic inlet |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| part of parietal pleura, lines the internal surface of the ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| part of parietal pleura, lines the lateral portion of the mediastinum |
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Term
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Definition
| part of parietal pleura, lines the superior surface of the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
potential space created between visceral and parietal layers
normally contains serous fluid
fluid facilitates movement between layers during breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which air enters the pleural cavity, may result from injury to chest wall or lung |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which blood enters the pleural cavity, in an upright patient the blood accumulates in costodiaphragmatic |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which there is excess fluid in the pleural cavity, may be caused by congestive heart failure, pneumonia, TB or lung cancer |
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Term
| pulmonary collapse (atelectasis) |
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Definition
| air in the pleural cavity reduces the negative pressure that normally keeps the lung inflated, lung then collapses due to its inherent elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
air accumulates and becomes trapped in pleural cavity
injured tissue acts as one-way valve
causes complete lung collapse and mediastinal shift toward opposite side
compromises cardiac output, venous return, and compress opposite lung |
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Term
| thoracocentesis (thoracentesis) |
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Definition
procedure in which a needle is inserted into the pleural cavity to drain fluid, blood, or pus
in upright patient, fluid accumulates in costadiaphragmatic recess |
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Term
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Definition
area where lung does not completely fill the thoracic cavity
opposing layers of pleura are in contact with each other
accommodates expansion of lung |
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Term
| costodiaphragmatic recess |
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Definition
| where the diaphragmatic pleura reflects from the perimeter of the diaphragm to meet the costal pleura |
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Term
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Definition
| where the mediastinal pleura reflects to meet the costal pleura, large on the left because of heart |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the pleura, creates friction between visceral and parietal layers, produces sharp, stabbing pain during respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| malignancy of the mesothelium of the lungs, associated with asbestos exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| superior point to of the lung |
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Term
| diaphragmatic surface of lung |
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Definition
| inferior surface of the lung |
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Term
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Definition
3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior
2 fissures: horizontal oblique |
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Term
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Definition
| between superior and middle lobe on right lung |
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Term
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Definition
between superior/middle and inferior lobes on right lung
between superior and inferior lobes on left lung |
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Term
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Definition
| cut out near the infero-anterior border of the superior lobe of the left lung |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior part of the superior lobe, "tongues" wraps around heart anteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
| site of the mediastinal surface where structures enter and exit the lung |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that pass through the hilus |
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Term
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Definition
superior-most structure of root of lung
carrly poorly oxygenated blood away from heart to lung
accompany respective bronchi to supply BP segments
intrasegmental distribution |
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Term
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Definition
inferior-most structure of root of lung
carry well-oxygenated blood back toward heart
intersegmental distribution |
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Term
| intrasegmental distributtion |
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Definition
| supply to a single bronchopulmonary segment |
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Term
| intersegmetnal distribution |
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Definition
| supply to adjacent bronchopulmonary segments |
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Term
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Definition
arteries arise from thoracic aorta and intercostal a.
enter hilum with the bronchi and supply oxygen and nutrient to the bronchial tree
veins drain into the azygos or hemiazygos vv. |
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Term
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Definition
| fold of pleura that extends from the hilum to the diaphragm along the mediastinal surface |
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Term
| bronchopulmonary segments |
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Definition
| each is supplied by a segmental bronchus (tertiary) and branch of pulmonary a. |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of one or more segments of the lung |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of an entire lobe of lung |
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Term
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Definition
| complete resection of a lung |
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Term
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Definition
indicates obstruction in the central airways of lung
sounds like snoring or rattling |
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Term
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Definition
| high-pitched sound due to obstruction of bronchioles; common in ashmatics |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by popping open of alveoli and terminal bronchiles due to pneumonia, bronchitis, or pulmonary fibrosis |
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Term
| auscultation: right apex of lung |
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Definition
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Term
| auscultation: right superior lobe |
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Definition
anterior, right 2nd ICS
auscultation |
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Term
| auscultation: right middle lobe |
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Definition
anterior, right 4th ICS
auscultation |
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Term
| auscultation: right inferior lobe |
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Definition
anterior, right 6th ICS
auscultation |
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Term
| auscultation: left apex of lung |
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Definition
posterior, left 1st rib
auscultation |
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Term
| auscultation: left superior lobe |
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Definition
posterior, left 2nd ICS
auscultation |
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Term
| auscultation: left inferior lobe |
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Definition
posterior, left 7th ICS
auscultation |
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Term
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Definition
inflammatory condition of the lung, usually caused by bacteria or viral infection
pus formation - appears white because it is full of leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| affects a large and continuous area of the lobe of a lung |
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Term
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Definition
| affects the walls of the bronchioles; characterized by multiple foci and alveolar infiltration |
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Term
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Definition
blockage of artery by blood clot; often DVT complication;
symptoms: diffiulty breathing, chest pain or inspiration, tachycardia, palpitations, cyanosis, low O2 saturation, rapid HR
treatment: anticoagulant, IVC filter |
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Term
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
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Definition
| progressive lung disease, characterized by narrowing of airways or inflammation or destruction of lung tissue, makes breathing difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| cough with increased mucus production, accompanied by inflammation, causes narrowing of airways, caused by smoking |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive disease that destroys the lung tissue; bronchioles collapse during exhalation trapping air in alveoli; caused by smoking and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic disease that results in narrowing of the airways due to inflammation or bronchoconstriction; functional issue --> can be reversed with sympathomimetic medicine |
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Term
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Definition
| located at hilum, receive lymph from lung parenchyma, transmit lymph to tracheobronchial nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| located around bifurcation of trachea, transmit lymph to paratracheal nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| located along trachea, transmit lympth to: bronchomediastinal trunk |
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Term
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Definition
right trunk empties into right lymphatic duct
left trunk empties into thoracic duct |
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Term
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Definition
via vagus n. (CN X)
motor to smooth muscle in bronchial tree (constrict)
dilate pulmonary vessels
stimulate secretion of gland in bronchial tree
provide visceral afferents associated with cough reflex |
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Term
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Definition
via sympathetic chain
dilates smooth muscle of bronchial tree
constrict pulmonary vessels
inhibit secretion of glands in bronchial tree |
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