Term
| in males, where are the nipples typically located? |
|
Definition
| in the 4th intercostal spaces |
|
|
Term
| the majority of the lungs are located superior to what region? |
|
Definition
| a horizontal line passing through the nipples |
|
|
Term
| much of the liver lies under which dome of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stomach and spleen lie under which dome of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the left kidney lies anterior to which vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| lies anterior to T11-L3 vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| the right kidney lies next to which vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| T12-L4; one vertebrae lower than the left kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central compartment of the thorax that houses the thoracic viscera, except the lungs |
|
|
Term
| what does the diaphragm enclose? |
|
Definition
| the thoracic cavity inferiorly |
|
|
Term
| describe the thoracic skeleton |
|
Definition
| osteocartilaginous; includes 12 pairs of ribs and costal cartilages, intercostal spaces, 12 thoracic vertebrae and IV discs, and the sternum |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the sternum? |
|
Definition
| manubrium, body, sternal angle (angle of louis) and jugular notch |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 types of ribs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which ribs are true ribs? |
|
Definition
| the first 7 ribs, attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages |
|
|
Term
| which ribs are false ribs? |
|
Definition
| ribs 8-10; attach to the costal margin |
|
|
Term
| which ribs are the floating ribs? |
|
Definition
| ribs 11 and 12; do not attach to the sternum |
|
|
Term
| describe features of the first rib |
|
Definition
| has grooves for subclavian vessels; has one articular facet on its head |
|
|
Term
| describe features of the 2nd rib |
|
Definition
| 2 articular facets; tubercles for muscle attachment |
|
|
Term
| describe features of ribs 11 and 12 |
|
Definition
| are floaters, have no necks or tubercles |
|
|
Term
| the superior angle of the scapula is at the level of which vertebral spinous process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inferior angle of the scapula is at the level of which vertebral spinous process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the jugular notch is at the level of which vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the sternal angle located? |
|
Definition
| where the 2nd costal cartilages attach; it lies at the level of the IV disc between T4 and T5 |
|
|
Term
| the breast is supported by which ligaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe characteristics of the breast |
|
Definition
Composed mainly of subcutaneous fat, glands, and ligaments
Usually, only women have well developed mammary glands
Mammary glands are modified sweat glands that form lobules
Each lobule drains into a lactiferous ducts that opens on the nipple
Supported by suspensory ligaments
Usually situated vertically over the 2nd – 6th ribs
Two-thirds of the breast overlies the pectoralis major m., the remaining third overlies the serratus anterior m.
The retromammary space lies between the pectoral fascia and the breast. It allows movement.
Male nipple is usually at the 4th intercostal space
Lateral region can form an axillary tail |
|
|
Term
| the blood supply to the breast occurs via which routes? |
|
Definition
The lateral thoracic artery (Lateral Mammary Branches)
The internal thoracic artery (Medial Mammary Branches)
Posterior intercostal arteries (2nd, 3rd, and 4th intercostal spaces) |
|
|
Term
| describe the venous drainage of the breast |
|
Definition
Venous drainage is to the axillary vein via lateral mammary veins
Medial mammary veins drain into the internal thoracic veins
Note: Venous drainage can reach the azygous system via intercostal veins |
|
|
Term
| which nerves innervate the breasts? |
|
Definition
| the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 2nd and 6th intercostal nerves |
|
|
Term
| the nipple is innervated by which nerve? |
|
Definition
| the 4th intercostal nerve |
|
|
Term
| describe some key features of lymphatic drainage in the breast |
|
Definition
Lymph passes from the nipple, areola, and lobules to the subareolar lymphatic plexus
Most lymph (75%), drains laterally and superiorly into axillary nodes. Eventually, these drain into the right lymphatic or thoracic ducts
Most of the medial quadrant drains into parasternal nodes. From here, it can travel across to the contralateral breast or drain to the lymphatic or thoracic duct.
Some lymph drainage follows the lateral branches of posterior intercostal vessels (not depicted). This eventually drains into the right lymphatic or thoracic ducts.
There is some drainage to the subdiaphragmatic nodes & liver |
|
|
Term
| during radical mastectomy, which nerves are at risk of being damaged? |
|
Definition
| the long thoracic nerve (because of its location on the lateral thoracic wall) and the thoracodorsal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 layers of the intercostal muscles? |
|
Definition
| the external, internal and innermost intercostals |
|
|
Term
| the 3 layers of intercostal muscles are innervated by which nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the external intercostals |
|
Definition
| membranous anteriorly; continuous with external oblique (abdomen) |
|
|
Term
| describe the internal intercostals |
|
Definition
| membranous posteriorly; continuous with internal oblique (abdomen) |
|
|
Term
| describe the innermost intercostals |
|
Definition
| membranous anteriorly and posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| which muscles are the major contributors to respiration? |
|
Definition
| the 3 layers of intercostal muscles; other contributors include the scalene muscles, posterior serratus muscles, deep muscles (levator costrum, transverse thoracic muscles) |
|
|
Term
| True or false: the subcostal muscles posteriorly span 2-3 intercostal spaces and can be considered a counterpart of the transversus thoracis muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: transversus thoracis muscles span more than one intercostal space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 major sources of blood supply to the thorax? |
|
Definition
| posterior intercostal and anterior intercostal arteries |
|
|
Term
| where does the posterior intercostal artery originate from? |
|
Definition
| originate from the thoracic aorta |
|
|
Term
| where do anterior intercostal arteries originate from? |
|
Definition
| originate from internal thoracic arteries |
|
|
Term
| the musculophrenic arteries supply which space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the internal thoracic arteries terminate into what 2 arteries? |
|
Definition
| superior epigastric and musculophrenic |
|
|
Term
| the upper two posterior intercostal arteries originate from which artery? |
|
Definition
| originate from the superior thoracic artery, a branch from the costocervical trunk |
|
|
Term
| True or false: venous drainage of the thorax basically parallels arterial supply, except for the azygous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood in the thorax ultimately drains back to the venous system through what 2 routes? |
|
Definition
| the internal thoracic veins and the azygos system |
|
|
Term
| where do the internal thoracic veins drain into? |
|
Definition
| the brachiocephalic veins |
|
|
Term
| where does the azygous system drain into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collateral nerve branches are found near which border of the ribs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the arrangement of vessels and nerves from superior to inferior in the intercostal space? |
|
Definition
| veins, arteries and nerves |
|
|
Term
| what protects the veins, arteries and nerves in the intercostal space? |
|
Definition
| costal grooves in the inferior edge of the ribs |
|
|
Term
| what does the diaphragm cover and what does it separate? |
|
Definition
| Covers the inferior thoracic aperture, separating the thoracic & abdominal cavities |
|
|
Term
| where do muscle fibers converge in the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which structures traverse the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
The inferior vena cava & right phrenic nerve and pericardiacophrenic artery pass through the central tendon at vertebral level T8
The esophagus and vagus nerves pass through the muscular part at vertebral level T10
The thoracic aorta and thoracic duct pass posterior through the aortic hiatus at vertebral level T12 |
|
|
Term
| the largest blood supply to the diaphragm is from where? |
|
Definition
| the branches of the abdominal aorta; other supply is via pericardiacophrenic, musculophrenic, branches from intercostals and branches from thoracic aorta |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| the phrenic nerve; they penetrate the diaphragm and supply it from underneath |
|
|
Term
| describe what happens to the rib cage during inspiration |
|
Definition
| the rib cage expands vertically, laterally, and in the anteroposterior dimension |
|
|
Term
| describe what happens to the diaphragm during expiration |
|
Definition
| the diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage contracts |
|
|
Term
| what contracts and what expands during normal inspiration? |
|
Definition
| during normal inspiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract; the rib cage expands laterally, anteriorly, and vertically |
|
|
Term
| is the lung in the pleural cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the cervical pleura located? |
|
Definition
| extends into the root of the neck |
|
|
Term
| where is the costal pleura located? |
|
Definition
| adjacent to ribs and intercostal spaces |
|
|
Term
| what does the mediastinal pleura cover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the diaphragmatic pleura cover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the pleura at spinal levels T5-T7? |
|
Definition
| the pleura reflects back on itself; this reflection forms the hilum of the lung; the structures entering through this region make up the root of the lung; an extension of the 2 pleural layers continues inferiorly as the pulmonary ligament |
|
|
Term
| the pulmonary ligament has what function? |
|
Definition
| allows for movement of the lung |
|
|
Term
| what is the endothoracic fascia? |
|
Definition
| a loose connective tissue layer separating the parietal pleura from the internal surface of the thoracic wall |
|
|
Term
| what type of connective tissue is the endothoracic fascia composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the costodiaphragmatic recess located? |
|
Definition
| below the 6th rib in the midclavicular line and the 8th rib in the midaxillary line |
|
|
Term
| where is the costomediastinal recess located? |
|
Definition
| anteriorly where the costal pleura and mediastinal pleura meet |
|
|
Term
| how many lobes does the right lung have? |
|
Definition
| 3; separated by horizontal and oblique fissure |
|
|
Term
| how many lobes does the left lung have? |
|
Definition
| 2 lobes; separated by oblique fissure |
|
|
Term
| which lung has the main bronchus inferior to the pulmonary artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in which lung is the main bronchus posterior to the pulmonary arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a bronchopulmonary segment? |
|
Definition
| the largest subdivision of a lobe |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of bronchial arteries and veins? |
|
Definition
| arteries supply the lungs, veins drain the lung tissue |
|
|
Term
| the right side of the bronchial vein drains into what vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the left side of the bronchial vein drains into which vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why can blood oxygenation never reach 100%? |
|
Definition
| Bronchial veins unite within the lungs with pulmonary veins. This delivers low oxygenated blood back to the left atrium. For this reason, blood oxygenation cannot reach 100%. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entry of air into the pleural cavity; may be due to trauma |
|
|
Term
| True or false: there is always negative space in the inflated lung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that may be due to pleural effusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity; usually due to injury of the intercostal vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are the contents of the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior? |
|
Definition
Thymus
Superior vena cava
Brachiocephalic veins
Arch of aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Vagus & phrenic nerves
Cardiac nerve plexus
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Trachea
Esophagus
Thoracic duct
Prevertebral muscles |
|
|
Term
| where is the thymus oriented in the superior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| most anterior in sup. mediastinum; just posterior to the sternum |
|
|
Term
| blood supply to the thymus is from which arteries? |
|
Definition
| from the internal thoracic and superior thyroid arteries |
|
|
Term
| the brachiocephalic veins are formed by the union of which veins bilaterally? |
|
Definition
| the subclavian and internal jugular veins |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 major divisions of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| the conducting portion and the respiratory portion |
|
|
Term
| what are the 7 components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
nasal cavity
nasopharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired chambers separated by a bony and cartilagenous septum |
|
|
Term
| each chamber of a nasal cavity is divided into what 3 regions? |
|
Definition
| vestibule; respiratory segment; olfactory segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of communication with the external environment via the external nares (nostrils) |
|
|
Term
| what is the vestibule lined with? |
|
Definition
| lined with stratified squamous epithelium that contains hairs |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the hairs in the vestibules? |
|
Definition
| hairs prevent large particulates from entering the nasal cavities |
|
|
Term
| when the vestibule ends, the stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by which type of epithelium? |
|
Definition
| replaced by respiratory epithelium, pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| a respiratory segment is lined by which type of epithelium? |
|
Definition
| lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium) |
|
|
Term
| the medial wall of the respiratory segment is what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lateral wall of the respiratory segment is composed of what structure? |
|
Definition
| conchae or turbinates (3 shelf like bony prominences) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of turbinates (conchae) in the respiratory segment? |
|
Definition
They increase surface area and cause a turbulence in air flow to allow for better warming and moisterizing of the air.
The turbinates also cause eddies in the airflow that help remove particulate matter by trapping it in the mucus of the cavity. |
|
|
Term
| describe the characteristic features of the nasal cavity lamina propria |
|
Definition
Very vascular.
Warms the inspired air nearer to body temperature.
Vessels become excessively engorged and leaky during allergic reactions and viral infections.
consequent distention of the lamina propria makes breathing more difficult.
Contains mucous glands with serous demilunes.
Demilune cells secrete lysozyme, an antibacterial |
|
|
Term
| what type of epithelium lines the olfactory segment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the entire area of olfactory mucosa in humans is measured in ____ _____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 types of cells found in an olfactory segment? |
|
Definition
| olfactory cells, supporting or sustenacular cells, basal cells, brush cells |
|
|
Term
| what are olfactory cells? |
|
Definition
| special visceral sensory cells |
|
|
Term
| what are supporting or sustenacular cells? |
|
Definition
| provide mechanical and metabolic support for olfactory sensory cells; role is similar to that of glial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mitotic cells that renew the sensory and sustenacular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general sensory cells innervated by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V); signal touch from the olfactory epithelium; they are also found in the respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| which neurons are the only neurons that regenerate in an adult human? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bipolar neurons.
span the thickness of the olfactory epithelium.
At their apical surface, they have a knob-like structure, the olfactory vesicle.
The vesicle has a number of non-motile cilia on its surface. The cilia are the sites of olfactory receptors.
The basal end of the cell gives rise to an axon.
The axon joins others to form the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I).
The olfactory axons penetrate the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone to synapse in the olfactory bulb.
These neurons, unlike others in adult humans, can regenerate. |
|
|
Term
| what is an olfactory vesicle? |
|
Definition
| located at the apical surface of olfactory cells; have a knob-like structure; the vesicle has a number of non-motile cilia on its surface; the cilia are the sites of olfactory receptors |
|
|
Term
| where is the nasopharynx located? |
|
Definition
| located posterior to the nasal and oral cavities; the portion above the soft palate and behind the nasal cavities is the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
| what is the nasopharynx lined by? |
|
Definition
| lined by respiratory epithelium and its posterior wall contains the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a core of elastic cartilage; projects into the pharynx from the rim of the larynx |
|
|
Term
| the lingual surface (facing the tongue) of the epiglottis is lined with what type of epithelium? |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis is lined with what type of epithelium? |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| true or false: the lamina propria contains mixed mucous and serous glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complex structure that connects the pharynx with the trachea.
Lamina propria of the larynx is characterized by the laryngeal cartilages (thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilages).
The cartilages are essential to the maintenance of the patency of the larynx. They also play a major role in vocalization. |
|
|
Term
| describe the false vocal folds (ventricular folds) in the larynx |
|
Definition
Upper of two pairs of folds found in the larynx.
Usually covered by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, the lamina propria of which contains numerous serous glands. |
|
|
Term
| describe the true vocal folds (vocal cords) in the larynx |
|
Definition
lower pair of folds in the larynx.
Covered by stratified squamous epithelium.
Contain parallel bundles of elastic fibers that form the vocal ligaments.
Vocalis muscles lie parallel to the vocal ligaments. They are skeletal muscles innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The trachea is a short tubular structure about an inch in diameter and 5 inches long. It extends from the larynx to the mid thorax where it branches into the two primary bronchi
The epithelium rests upon a very thick basement membrane made up of densely packed collagen fibers that lie immediately beneath the epithelial basal lamina.
actually, a very thick reticular lamina and as such is a part of the lamina propria.
In smokers, chronic coughing causes this membrane to thicken.
The lamina propria itself is a loose connective tissue with the typically found cells such as mast cells, plasma cells and macrophages. Lymphatic tissue, both diffuse and nodular can characterize this layer |
|
|
Term
| what is the tracheal mucosa composed of? |
|
Definition
composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and an elastic-rich lamina propria. The epithelium is similar to respiratory epithelium in other parts of the conducting system
It has ciliated cells, goblet cells, brush cells (sensory cells), small granule cells (a cell similar to enteroendocrine cells) and basal cells that repopulate the epithelium. The cilia of the epithelial cells beat in unison upward to move mucus toward the oropharynx. |
|
|
Term
| describe the cartilagenous layer of the trachea |
|
Definition
hyaline cartilage; 16-20 C-shaped cartilages that form the cartilagenous layer.
They allow for flexibility of the trachea while at the same time maintaining its patency.
In older individuals, there may be some calcification and bone formation.
Posteriorly, the C-shaped cartilage is attached by the trachealis muscle (smooth muscle). Contraction of the muscle can increase the velocity of expelled air during the cough reflex and thereby aid in clearing the passageway |
|
|
Term
| where are primary bronchi located? |
|
Definition
| outside the lungs (extrapulmonary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary bronchi are extrapulmonary (outside the lungs).
Initially, bronchial structure is similar to that of the trachea except that there are rings of cartilage rather than C-shaped cartilages.
As the bronchi enter the lungs, the cartilagenous rings are replaced by irregular plates. Plates are distributed circularly around the entire circumference of the bronchus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Air conducting tubes measuring a millimeter or less in diameter.
Larger bronchioles initially have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (typical respiratory epithelium).
Further down the epithelium becomes simple ciliated columnar, then simple cuboidal.
Goblet cells are found in the largest bronchioles, but typically are absent in the smaller ones. |
|
|
Term
| cartilage is replaced by thick ______ muscle in bronchioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what distinguished bronchioles from bronchi? |
|
Definition
| absence of cartilage distinguishes bronchioles from bronchi and is a major criterion used for the histological identification of these structures |
|
|
Term
| are there subepithelial glands in bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first cells found in the bronchioles; They secrete a lipoprotein that prevents adhesion of adjacent walls during expiration.
Clara cell protein (CC16) is used to assess damage to lungs.
Decreases in bronchoalveolar fluids when lung is damaged.
May appear in blood, signalling lung damage. |
|
|
Term
| if clara cell protein is found in the blood, what can be indicated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the protein secreted by clara cells? |
|
Definition
| prevents adhesion of adjacent walls during expiration |
|
|
Term
| are there macrophages in the lung? |
|
Definition
| yes, many of them which take up particulate matter |
|
|
Term
| what are terminal bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| smallest bronchioles with purely conducting function; have clara cells in their epithelium which is a simple cuboidal epithelium; this is visceral pleura |
|
|
Term
| what are respiratory bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| Transitional structures and are the first part of the respiratory tree where gas exchange occurs |
|
|
Term
| narrow lumens of respiratory bronchioles are lined with which type of epithelium? |
|
Definition
simple cuboidal; Initial portion contains both ciliated and Clara cells.
More distally, Clara cells predominate in the epiithelium |
|
|
Term
| scattered thin-walled outpouchings of the respiratory lumen are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do chronic alcoholics frequently have pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| alcohol effects ciliary movement |
|
|
Term
| describe how smoking affects the trachea and bronchi |
|
Definition
| Smoking impairs ciliary motility and increases mucus production in the trachea, bronchi. Goblet cells can be found further down the bronchioles in smokers |
|
|
Term
| which drugs are used to relax smooth muscle during asthma attacks? |
|
Definition
| epinephrine and sympathomimetic drugs |
|
|
Term
| what occurs during an asthmatic attack |
|
Definition
Mast cells in the lamina propria release histamine and other vasoactive substances in response to allergens.
Cause the constriction of smooth muscle in bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Autosomal recessive disorder.
Genetic defect in Cl- channel protein which results in abnormal transport of Cl- in exocrine gland epithelium.
Results in decreased Cl- secretion and increased Na+ and water resorption.
Mucus become very thick and viscous.
Eventually bronchioles become obstructed and later bronchi.
Average lifespan is 32 years with aggressive daily therapy. |
|
|
Term
| what are the site for gas exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many alveoli are there in the lung? |
|
Definition
| Somewhere around 300 million alveoli in the human lung that function to dramatically increase gas exchange surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongate airways with almost no walls, only alveoli as their peripheral boundaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli |
|
|
Term
| what are type I pneumocytes? |
|
Definition
extremely thin, squamous cells and form 95% of the alveolar lining. They are attached to surrounding cells by tight junctions.
involved in gas exchange and cannot divide |
|
|
Term
| what are type II pneumocytes? |
|
Definition
secretory cells.
cuboidal cells interspersed among the type I pneumocytes.
Although as numerous as type I cells, they only cover about 5% of the alveolar lining because of their taller stature
At the electron microscopic level, the type II cells are seen to contain lamellar bodies.
The lamellae are rich in phospholipids among which is the surface active agent surfactant.
The lamellar bodies are released into the alveolar spaces and the surfactant forms a monomolecular layer over the surface of the lining cells.
The surfactant reduces the surface tension at the air-epithelium interface.
Without surfactant, the alveoli would collapse on exhalation.
This is a problem in premature infants that haven't developed sufficiently to produce surfactant. This is called respiratory distress syndrome. |
|
|
Term
| what composes the air-blood barrier? |
|
Definition
| septal components and the monomolecular layer of surfactant |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the alveolar septum in the air-blood barrier? |
|
Definition
alveolar epithelial cells
the basal lamina of those cells
the basal lamina of capillary endothelial cells
endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| where is the site of gas exchange between the air and the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at the electron microscopic level, the type II pneumocytes are seen to contain _____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the surfactant in the lamellar bodies of type II pneumocytes? |
|
Definition
| reduces the surface tension at the air-epithelium interface; forms a monomolecular layer over the surface of the lining cells |
|
|
Term
| what is respiratory distress syndrome? |
|
Definition
| lack of surfactant causing the alveoli to collapse on exhalation; problem in premature infants that haven't developed sufficiently to produce surfactant |
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Term
| what is goodpasture syndrome? |
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Definition
Antibodies are made to type IV collagen.
Antibodies to type IV collagen can affect the basal laminae of the alveolar septae in the lungs.
Also can affect renal glomerular basal lamina.
Goodpasture syndrome is most common in males with an average age of 29 |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by a permanent dilation of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole.
Caused by chronic obstruction of the airflow due to narrowing of the bronchioles |
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Term
| what happens during COPD/Emphysema? |
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Definition
Alveolar walls are destroyed and gas exchange becomes severely impaired.
Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of emphysema although there are occupations with higher incidence of emphysema, e.g. coal miners.
One treatment for emphysema is to collapse the dilated, damaged portions of the lung to allow room within the thoracic cavity for expansion of the remaining normal lung tissue during inspiration |
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Term
| where do alveolar macrophages function? |
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Definition
| in the connective tissue and air spaces |
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Term
| what do alveolar macrophages do? |
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Definition
| scavenge the surface of the epithelium and remove inhaled particulates; often referred to as dust cells |
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Term
| true or false: connective tissue alveolar macrophages may remain in the connective tissue for an extremely long time |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the destination of engorged alveolar macrophages? |
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Definition
| engorged macrophages are carried up the respiratory tree in the mucus which is moved by the cilia in the tract; at the pharynx, they are swallowed or expectorated |
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Term
| what happens during congestive heart failure? |
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Definition
the lungs become congested with blood
Red cells (erythrocytes) are forced into the alveolar spaces from damaged capillaries.
Alveolar macrophages phagocytose the red cells and contain the iron pigment, hemosiderin.
Hemosiderin-filled macrophages are often called heart failure cells |
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