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Thoracic Region
Anatomy 2
45
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
01/25/2010

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Cards

Term
What are the boundaries of the thoracic inlet?
Definition
  • 1st rib, longus coli m, & manubrium
Term
What vessels pass through the thoracic inlet?
Definition
  • Subclavians, carotids, jugulars, superficial cervicals
Term
What nerves pass through the thoracic inlet?
Definition
  • Ventral branches T1-2 to brachial plexus, vagosympathetic trunk, phrenic nerve
Term
What viscera pass through the thoracic inlet?
Definition
  • Esophagus & trachea
Term
What is the cranial entry into the thoracic cavity?
Definition
  • Thoracic inlet
Term
What is the caudal boundary of the thoracic cavity?
Definition
  • Diaphragm
Term
What are the openings in the diaphragm?
Definition
  • Esophageal hiatus, aortic hiatus, & caval foramen
Term
What are the coverings of the diaphragm?
Definition
  • Pleura overlying endothoracic fascia
Term
What are the divisions of the diaphragm?
Definition
  • Muscular
  • Tendinous
Term
Describe the muscular division of the diaphragm.
Definition
  • Peripherally located
  • Attached to:
    • Costae
    • Ventral surface of lumbar vertebral bodies, via crura of the diaphragm
      • Thoracic aorta passes between crura to become abdominal aorta
      • Lumbocostal arch (potential space b/w dorsal body wall & crura)
        • Major splanchnic nerve passes from thoracic cavity into abdominal cavity
Term
Describe the tendionous division of the diaphragm.
Definition
  • Centrally located
  • Openings:
    • Esophagus & caudal vena cava, aorta
Term
What are the parietal pleuras?
Definition
  • Diaphragmatic
  • Costal
  • Mediastinal
Term
What are the visceral pleuras?
Definition
  • Pulmonary
  • Epicardial
Term
What are the contents of the pleural cavity?
Definition
  • Nothing
Term
Describe the lobes of the lungs.
Definition
  • Left lobes
    • Cranial
      • Subdivided in ruminants, pig, & dog
    • Caudal
  • Right lobes
    • Cranial
      • Subdivided in ruminants
      • Right cranial-cranial portion extends to the left, in front of the heart into cupula of pleura
    • Horse has no middle lobe
    • Accessory
  • Distinct lobulation in cows but less in small ruminants
Term
Where is the cardiac notch?
Definition
  • Both sides, b/w intercostal spaces 3 & 4
Term
What type of pleura covers the lungs?
Definition
  • Visceral (pulmonary) pleura
Term
What are the vessels of the lungs?
Definition
  • Pulmonary aa. (branches of pulmonary trunk)
  • Pulmonary vv.
  • Bronchaial aa. from bronchoessphageal a.
  • Lymphatics
Term
Describe the thoracic portion of the trachea.
Definition
  • Tracheal bifurcation: dorsal to the base of the heart
Term
Describe the bronchi.
Definition
  • Right principal
    • Cranial lobar bronchus
      • Ruminants & pigs- originated directly from the trachea (tracheal bronchus)
    • Caudal lobar bronchus
    • Middle lobar bronchus (not in horse)
    • Accessory lobar bronchus
  • Left principal
    • Cranial & caudal lobar bronchus
Term
Where do you listen for the pulmonic, aortic, & LAV heart sounds?
Definition
  • Medial to the olecranon, Left intercostal spaces 3, 4, & 5
Term
Where do you listen for the RAV heart sounds?
Definition
  • Medail to the olecranon, right intercostal spaces 3 & 4
Term
What are the important veins of the thorax?
Definition
  • Azygous vein
    • Right azygous dorsolateral to aorta
  • Cranial & caudal vena cava
Term
What are the important arteries of the thorax?
Definition
  • Pulmonary arteries
    • Right & left pulmonary arteries
Term
Describe the aorta.
Definition
  • Ascending
    • Right & left coronary arteries
  • Arch
    • Brachiocephalic trunk
      • Left subcalvian artery, bicarotid trunk, right subclavian artery
  • Descending
    • Dorsal intercostal aa.
    • Bronchoesophageal a.
Term
What are the important nerves of the thorax?
Definition
  • Phrenic
    • Ventral branches of C5-7
    • Comes in throacic inlet back to diaphragm
  • Vagus (right & left)
    • Cardiac nerves
    • Recurrent laryngeal nerve
      • On left side, branches off the vagus & swings around the heart up the neck to the larynx
      • On right side comes around subclavian
    • Dorsal & ventral branches
      • At bifurcation of trachea, past the heart, the branches will join to make dorsal vagal trunk & ventral vagal trunk
    • Dorsal & ventral vagal trunks (right & left)
  • Sympathetic trunk
    • Ganglia
      • Cervicothoracic & sympathetic trunk
      • Nerves
        • Rami communicantes, thoracic splanchnic, cardiac, ansa subcalvia
Term
What are the lymph centers of the thorax?
Definition
  • Intercostal lnn.
  • Mediastinal lymph center
    • Cranial mediastinal lnn.
    • Middle mediastinal lnn.
    • Caudal mediastinal lnn. (large & many)
      • b/w esophagus & aorta
  • Pulmonary lnn.
    • Along proximal bronchi
  • Tracheobronchial lnn. (right, left, & middle)
    • Tracheal bifurfaction (right above the heart)
  • Thoracic duct: Cisterna chyli to venous angle
    • Takes lymph from cd. diagphragm to venous angle
    • Crosses to left side at base of heart
Term
Define cranial, middle, & caudal mediastinum.
Definition
  • Cranial mediastinum is cranial to heart
  • Middle is in the middle (contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, & esophagus- all covered by mediastinal pleura)
  • Caudal is caudal to the heart
Term
What is the relationship of the recurrent laryngeal nerves to the heart?
Definition
  • Branch off the vagus
  • Right branch leaves the right vagus at the level of the 1st rib & loops around a branch of the subclavian artery & then continues to the neck
    • Tends to be the smaller branch
  • Left branch arises farther caudally near the base of the aortic arch & passes from lateral to medial around the arch of the aorta to continue to the neck
    • Has farther to go, so its longer
Term
Is the position of the equine intercostals neurovascular bundle different from the dog's?
Definition
  • The position is the same
  • The neurovascular bundle runs caudal along each rib
  • The order from cranially to caudally is: artery, vein, then nerve
Term
What is the difference between primary and lobar bronchi?
Definition
  • Primary bronchi are air passageways to each lung, originating at the tracheal bifurcation.
  • Lobar bronchi are the secondary bronchi off the primary bronchus for that lung.  Each secondary leads to a lobe of the lung.
Term
What is a tracheal bronchus?
Definition
  • A secondary bronchus straight off the trachea.
  • It is the right cranial lobar bronchus in ruminants & pigs.
Term
Describe the lung lobulation of dogs, ruminants, pigs,  and horses.
Definition
  • The left lung has cranial & caudal lobes in all species
    • Its partially split into cranial & caudal parts in larger ruminants, pigs, & dogs.
  • The right lung as cranial, caudal, middle, & accessory lobes.
    • Accessory lobe lies on midline
    • Ruminants: cranial lobe is subdivided into cranial & caudal parts, that extend to the left in front of the heart & into the cupula of the mediastinum.
    • Horses do not have a middle lobe
  • Cow: heavily lobulated with connective tissue
    • Each lobe has its own secondary bronchus off of the primary bronchus for that lung
  • Pigs & ruminants: cranial lobar bronchus comes off the trachea
Term
Describe the lungs' serosal covering and reflections.
Definition
  • Covered by pulmonary pleura
  • Pulmonary ligaments are the reflections of the pleura b/w the mediastinal pleura & the right & left caudal lungs
  • Plica vena cava is the connecting pleura b/w the caudal vena cava & the diaphragm, pericardial sac, & floor of the thorax
Term
What animal has a prominent cardiac notch?
Definition
  • Horse, which lacks a middle lobe for the right lung
Term
Describe the vascular supply to the lungs (both nutritional & functional).
Definition
  • Pulmonary aa. & vv. carry blood back & forth b/w heart & lungs
  • Bronchial a. & bronchoesophogeal a. carry blood for nutrition to the cranial portion of the lung
Term
What is the lymph drainage of the lungs?
Definition
  • Tracheobronchial lnn. lie along the bifurcation of the trachea
    • Left tracheobronchial lnn. is present in all species
    • Others also have middle & right ones
  • Also pulmonary lnn. at the primary bronchii
Term
Describe the coronary circulation.
Definition
  • Cranial & left aortic sinuses b/w the cusps of the aortic valve give rise to the right & left coronary arteries, respecitvely.
  • Right coronary artery courses cranially under the right atrium & into the right coronary groove.
    • In the horse, it then gives rise to the subsinuosal interventricular groove (b/w ventricles on the caudal side of heart)
  • Left coronary artery courses under the left atrium & branches into the paraconal interventricular branch that runs in the paraconal interventricular groove (b/w ventricles on cranial side of heart) & circumflex branch, that continues in the coronary groove to the right side of the heart
    • In the dog, this vessel gives rise to the subsinuosal interventricular branch
  • The circumflex branch & right coronary artery may anastomose.
Term
If the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery was blocked, what anatomical feature of equine coronary circulation, if present, would minimize damage?
Definition
  • An anastomosis b/w the right coronary artery & the circumflex branch
Term
What are the major vessels leaving the ascending aorta?
Definition
  • Right & left coronary arteries
Term
What are the major vessels leaving the aortic arch?
Definition
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
    • Left subclavian a. - supplies neck, cranial thoracic wall, & left limb
    • Vertebral a. - courses cranially & through transverse canal of cervical vertebrae
    • Costocervical trunk - arises near vertebral a.
    • Superficial cervical a. - arises near thoracic inlet & runs on superficial neck from shoulder
    • Internal thoracic a. - arises opposite the superficial cervical a. & courses along the floor of the thorax
    • Bicarotid trunk
    • Right subclavian a. - supplies neck, cranial thoracic wall, & right limb
    • Vertebral a. - courses cranially through the transverse canal of cervical vertebrae
    • Costocervical trunk - arises near vertebral a.
    • Superficial cervical a.
    • Internal thoracic a.
Term
What major vessels leave the descending aorta?
Definition
  • Dorsal intercostal aa.
  • Brochesophageal a.
Term
What are the auscultation points for individual valves of the heart?
Definition
  • Left side:
    • Intercostal spaces 3, 4, & 5 fo pulmonic, aortic, and left AV valve respectively
  • Right side:
    • Intercostal spaces 3 & 4 for the right AV valve
Term
What are the serosal coverings of the heart?
Definition
  • Fibrous pericardium- fibrous sac surrounding the heart & serous pericardium
  • Serous pericardium- potential space b/w the two layers is called the pericardial cavity
    • Parietal layer of serous pericardium- lines inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
    • Epicardium- visceral layer of serous pericardium
Term
Trace and understand blood flow through the heart, including all associated openings and structures.
Definition
  • Right azygous v. enters b/w caval openings or joins cranial vena cava, blood deflected by intervenous tubercle ventrally to AV ostium --> AV valve --> right ventricle --> passes trabecula septomarginalis, trabeculae carnae, conus arteriosus --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary trunk --> right or left pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> craniosinistral, craniodextral, caudal sites of left atrium --> left AV valve --> left ventricle, apex --> aortic valve --> aorta

* Coronary sinus in right atrium

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