Term
| What is the elastic tissue interspersed with the fibers of the serratus ventralis? What is its function? |
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Definition
| Dorsal scapular ligament. Absorbs concussion (along with flexible scapular cartilage). Attaches to some neck muscles as well. |
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Term
| Which nerve exits medially between the subscapularis and supraspinatus muscles? Clinical cause of injury to this nerve and resulting condition? |
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Definition
| Suprascapular nerve. Can be damaged (pulled out of plexus) if horse comes suddenly to a halt. Also, heavy head collar (in draft horse) can injure it. Results in Sweeney (paralysis & atrophy of supra- and infraspinatus muscles). |
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Term
| What is the origin and insertion of the transverse pectoral muscle? |
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Definition
Origin: sternum
Insertion: no bony insertion! Attaches by loose fascia to medial antebrachium. |
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Term
| What muscles form the cephalic groove? Clinical significance of this groove? |
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Definition
| The groove is formed medially by the descending (superficial) pectoral, and laterally by the brachiocephalicus. Clin Sig = barbed wire! Both cephalic vein and fleshy origin of extensor carpi radialis located near there may be cut. |
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Term
| Which muscles border the axillary space? |
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Definition
| Subscapularis and teres major. |
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Term
| Which nerve from the brachial plexus runs along the dorsal aspect of the deep pectoral? |
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Definition
| Lateral thoracic nerve to the cutaneous trunci m. |
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Term
| What forms the ansa axillaris? In which spp is it present? |
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Definition
| Loop of 2 nerves: cranially, the root of the musculocutaneous n., and caudally by the root of the median n. Found in horses and ruminants. |
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Term
| What muscle is directly caudal to the biceps brachii? |
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Definition
| Coracobrachialis (long part is more superficial medially; short part is deeper). |
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Term
| What is the first branch of the ulnar nerve in all animals? |
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Definition
| Caudal cutaneous antebrachial n., going to tensor fascia antebrachii and overlying skin. |
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Term
| Which are the 2 nerves in the horse going all the way to the thoracic digits? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are main branches of axillary artery? |
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Definition
| Subscapular a. (gives off thoracodorsal a. to latissimus dorsi, then deep branch - caudal circumflex humeral a.). Subscap. runs along scapula. After these branches, axillary a. becomes brachial a. Gives off cranial circumflex humeral a., deep brachial a. to triceps, bicipital a., transverse cubital, |
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Term
| What lies under the proximal 1/3 of biceps brachii? |
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Definition
| Termination of cranial circumflex humeral a. and v. and proximal muscular branch of musculocutaneous n. |
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Term
| Which vessels are joined by the median cubital vein? |
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Definition
| Brachial v. and cephalic v. |
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Term
| What shiny thing can be seen under the brachial a. and vv. just distal to the median cubital v.? |
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Definition
| Medial collateral ligament of elbow. |
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Term
| Which mm. are supplied by the muscular branches of the median n. in the antebrachium? |
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Definition
| Flexor carpi radialis, DDF (humeral and radial heads). |
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Term
| Which mm. are supplied by the muscular branches of the ulnar n. in the antebrachium? |
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Definition
| Flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar head of DDF, SDF. |
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Term
| What 2 muscles are fused on the craniolateral aspect of the equine forelimb (over scapula)? |
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Definition
| Brachiocephalicus (more medial) and omotransversarius (more lateral - attaches to spine of scapula by deep fascia). |
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Term
| What bursa is found on the lateral side of the equine shoulder? Clinical significance? |
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Definition
| Infraspinatus bursa. If horse hits shoulder on wall, can become inflamed. |
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Term
| Near which muscle can one see the axillary n. as it exits to the lateral side of the limb? Which muscles does the axillary n. supply in the horse? |
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Definition
| Teres minor is just dorsal to axillary n. as it exits. Axillary supplies: Subscapular m, teres major, teres minor, deltoid, coracobrachialis. |
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Term
| What is the parent nerve of the cranial lateral cutaneous brachial n. (and cranial cutaneous antebrachial n.)? Where is it easily found? What mm. does it supply? |
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Definition
| Axillary. Fine nerve found on distal edge of deltoid m. Supplies skin on cranio-lateral antebrachium. |
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Term
| What is the parent nerve of the lateral cutaneous antebrachial n.? |
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Definition
| Radial n. (termination of superficial radial n.: goes to carpus) |
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Term
| What is unusual about cutaneous innervation of the antebrachium in the horse? |
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Definition
| Radial and axillary nn. both send superficial cutaneous branches to supply the skin of the lateral antebrachium, so radial n. can be lost and sensation in the limb is normal. |
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Term
| Deep branch of the radial n. supplies which muscles? |
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Definition
| Extensors of antebrachium (UCLA STATE: Ulnaris lateralis, CDE, LDE, Anconeus, (Supinator - not present in horse), (Triceps), Abductor Pollicis Longus, (Tensor Fascia Antebrachii), Extensor Carpi Radialis. (Triceps and Tensor supplied by Radial more proximal to deep branch). |
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Term
| What is the articularis humeri muscle? |
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Definition
| Analogous to the articularis coxae in the hind limb, this muscle is closel attached to the shoulder joint capsule deep to the triceps. It contains many muscle spindles (gamma type) and may be mostly proprioceptive in function. |
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Term
| Which muscles in the horse are commonly subject to compartmental syndrome? |
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Definition
| Quadriceps femoris, middle gluteus, triceps, antebrachial extensors, masseter. |
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Term
| Is the lateral digital extensor present in the horse? |
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Definition
| Often, but not always. It is generally small and vestigial. |
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Term
| What is the major advantage and disadvantage of the fascial envelopes surrounding the antebrachial extensors? |
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Definition
Advantage: greater surface area for muscle attachment (deep fascia is continuous with periosteum).
Disadvantage: Inability to allow muscles to swell can cause compartmental syndrome in horses under anesthesia in lateral recumbency. |
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Term
| What nerves contribute to the lateral palmar nerve? |
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Definition
| Lateral palmar branch of the median n. and palmar branch of the ulnar n. join at the carpus to form the lateral palmar nerve. |
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Term
| Where does the dorsal branch of the ulnar go, and what does it do? |
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Definition
| The dorsal branch comes off the ulnar where the palmar branch of the ulnar goes off to join the lateral palmar br. of the median. It pierces the tendon of the ulnaris lateralis and innervates the skin on the dorsolateral aspect of the carpus down to the fetlock. |
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Term
| Structures in carpal canal in horse? Cow? |
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Definition
In horse:
SDF tendon
DDF tendon
Medial palmar n. (of median n.)
Medial palmar a. (of median artery)
(In cow, SDF is outside) |
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Term
| Structures contained in the flexor retinaculum? |
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Definition
Tendon of Flexor carpi radialis
Radial a.
Radial v.
Lateral palmar n.
Lateral palmar a.
Lateral palmar v. |
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Term
| Boundaries of carpal canal? |
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Definition
| Palmar carpal ligament (cranially), accessory carpal bone (laterally), flexor retinaculum (caudally) |
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Term
| What is the distal continuation of the palmar carpal ligament? |
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Definition
Distal check ligament (to DDF)
Interosseus medius (suspensory ligament) |
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Term
| What structures terminate in the biceps brachii, just distal to the bicipital bursa? |
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Definition
Cranial circumflex humeral vessels
Proximal muscular branch of musculocutaneous n. |
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Term
| Which nerve is associated with the distal part of the lacertus fibrosus? Significance? |
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Definition
| Medial cutaneous antebrachial n. (termination of musculocutaneous). Since the lacertus is so rigid in a standing animal, it is easy to palpate this nerve. However, it's not clinically important. |
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Term
| What is the function of the check ligaments? |
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Definition
| Prevent overextension of fetlock. |
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Term
| How many parts of DDF are there in the horse? |
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Definition
3 humeral parts (fleshy)
1 ulnar (triangular muscle belly)
1 radial (smallest; right against radius) |
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Term
| IN which species are the medial cubital lymph nodes found? |
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Definition
| Horse and occasionally sheep. |
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Term
| Which nerve runs between DDF and suspensory ligament along the metacarpals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nerve runs between the SDF and DDF on the metacarpals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nerves does the communicating branch mid-metacarpals join? |
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Definition
| Lateral palmar n. and medial palmar n. |
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Term
| What are the 4 structures found on the lateral aspect of the fetlock (caudal to the extensor slips of the suspensory ligament)? Medial aspect? |
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Definition
Laterally:
Dorsal branch of lateral palmar n.
Lateral palmar digital vein, artery, and nerve.
Medially:
Dorsal branch of medial palmar n.
Medial palmar digital vein, artery, and nerve.
Note that the ligament of the ergot is near here and can be mistaken for a nerve. |
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Term
| What nerves are blocked in a button block? |
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Definition
| Palmar metacarpal nerves. Note that medial palmar MC n. descends to P3 whereas lateral palmar MC n. terminates at pastern joint. |
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