Term
| what are the 3 divisions of the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are in the pulmonary cavities of the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is in the mediastinmum? |
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Definition
| all other thoracic structures except lungs (heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus) |
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Term
| describe visceral pulmonary pleura |
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Definition
| adheres to all surfaces of the lungs (cannot be separated/dissected) |
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Term
| describe parietal pulmonary pleura |
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Definition
| lines pulmonary cavity; adheres to thoracic wall |
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Term
| where are visceral and parietal pulmonary pleurae continuous with each other? |
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Definition
| at Hilum of the lung where pulmonary vessels enter |
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Term
| what is the pleural cavity? |
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Definition
| potential space between the two layers (visceral and parietal); contains serous fluid that lubricates pleural surfaces |
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Term
| name and describe the 4 parts of the parietal pleura of the lungs |
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Definition
| costal pleura covers internal surface of thoracic wall (lateral), mediastinal pleura covers lateral aspect of mediastinum, diaphragmatic pleura covers superior surface of the diaphragm, cervical pleura covers apex of lung |
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Term
| what is pneumothorax, what causes it, and what happens |
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Definition
| entry of air into the pleural cavity of the lungs; from penetrating wound (gun shot, stabbing) or rib fracture; surface tension adhering parietal and visceral layers is broken and lung collapses due to its inherent elestic recoil |
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Term
| describe lobes of right lung |
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Definition
| 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) divided by oblique and horizontal fissures |
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Term
| describe lobes of left lun |
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Definition
| divided into superior and inferior lobes by left lung |
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Term
| describe 3 surfaces of each lung |
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Definition
| costal = against ribs, diaphragmatic = against diaphragm, mediastinal = against mediastinum |
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Term
| what are the 3 borders of the lung? |
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Definition
| anterior, inferior, apex (top) |
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Term
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Definition
| provide a close interface for gas exchange |
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Term
| where do lungs attach to heart and trachea? |
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Definition
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Term
| what enters/leaves lungs at hilum? |
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Definition
| main bronchus, pulmonary vessels (arteries and veins), bronchial vessels, lymphatics, nerves |
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Term
| describe large pulmonary artery to lungs |
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Definition
| delivers poorly oxygenated (venous) blood |
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Term
| describe pulmonary veins that leave the lungs |
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Definition
| carry well-oxygenated (arterial) blood to left atrium |
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Term
| function of bronchial arteries? |
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Definition
| arise from thoracic aorta, supply nutrition to supporting tissues of lung, follow bronchi into lung tissue |
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Term
| where does trachea branch into right and left main bronchi? |
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Definition
| at sternal angle/T4/2nd rib |
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Term
| what all happens at sternal angle |
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Definition
| T4, 2nd rib, mediastinum divisions, trachea branches |
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Term
| describe right main bronchus |
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Definition
| wider, shorter, more vertical than left as it passes to hilum |
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Term
| describe left main bronhcus |
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Definition
| passes inferior to arch of aorta and anterior to the esophagus |
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Term
| describe trachea-bronchi branching |
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Definition
| trachea divides into left and right bronchi, main bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, secondary bronchi divide into tertiary bronchi, tertiary bronchi supply each bronchopulmonary segment |
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Term
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Definition
| common diagnostic procedure in respiratory medicine |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilaginous projection from last tracheal ring, can deviate from midline if underlying bronchogenic carcinoma, mucous covering carina is very sensitive (cough reflex) |
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Term
| into which bronchi do foreign bodies usually pass and why? |
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Definition
| right = wider and more vertical |
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Term
| describe cross section of trachea |
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Definition
| cartilagenous rings do not completely encircle; trachealis muscle spans posterior region |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth muscle innervated by autonomic nervous system at posterior region of trachea |
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Term
| bronchopulmonary segments |
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Definition
| functional subunits of lungs, largest subdivision of a lobe, separated from adjacent segments by connective tissue, supplied independently by a tertiary bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery, drained via pulmonary veins that course in connective tissue between segments, each is surgically removable |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of one or more bronchopulmonary segments |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of an entire lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| complete resection of a lung |
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Term
| what happens to tertiary bronchi within a bronchopulmonary segment? |
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Definition
| it continues to branch into terminal - respiratory - alveolar ducts which are lined by alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| basic structural unit of gas exchange in the lung |
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Term
| what are the small blood vessels around the bronchus as it enters lung at hilum? |
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Definition
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Term
| what provides parasympathetic innervation to lungs and what effect does it have? |
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Definition
| vagus nerve (CN X) which causes bronchoconstriction |
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Term
| how do preganglionic parasynthetics get to lungs? |
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Definition
| GVE fibers arise from cell bodies in medulla oblongata and travel through vagus nerve |
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Term
| how do postganglionic parasympathetics get to lungs? |
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Definition
| GVE fibers arise from cell bodies in the pulmonary plexuses |
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Term
| where are the pulmonary plexuses |
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Definition
| large nerve plexuses along the tracheobronchial tree |
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Term
| where does sympathetic innervation to lungs come from and what does it do? |
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Definition
| innervation arises from sympathetic trunk, causes bronchodilation |
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Term
| how do preganglionic sympathetics get to lungs |
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Definition
| start from cell bodies in lateral horn of T1-T5 |
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Term
| where do postganglionic sympathetics arise from |
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Definition
| GVE fibers arise from cell bodies in sympathetic chain |
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Term
| how do GVE fibers get to lungs from sympathetic chain |
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Definition
| course to pulmonary plexus and are distributed to bronchial smooth muscle |
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Term
| where is posterior mediastinum |
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Definition
| posterior to pericardium and diaphragm, anterior to T5-T12 thoracic vertebrae, between the parietal pleura of both lungs |
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Term
| what is in the posterior mediastinum? |
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Definition
| thoracic aorta, esophagus, thoracic duct, azygos veins, thoracic sympathetic chain |
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Term
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Definition
| in posterior mediastinum, descends through posterior mediastinum delivering small anterior branches along its course: esophageal branches, posterior intercostal arteries, bronchial arteries |
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Term
| describe path of esophagus in posterior mediastinum |
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Definition
| descends through posterior mediastinum alongside aorta until it pierces diaphragm at T10 |
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Term
| what are the 3 veins in the azygos system of veins? |
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Definition
| azygos, hemiazygos, accessory azygos |
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Term
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Definition
| drain blood from the posterior walls of the thorax via posterior intercostal veins and posterior abdominal wall |
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Term
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Definition
| in posterior mediastinum along thoracic vertebral column |
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Term
| azygos veins form a collateral pathway between which 2 large vessels |
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Definition
| superior and inferior vena cava |
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Term
| what do azygos veins drain into |
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Definition
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Term
| what do azygos veins do during IVC blockage |
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Definition
| provide alternate route for venous drainage from thoracic, abdominal, and back regions |
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Term
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Definition
| courses around right hilum of lung, joins SVC |
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Term
| what things are in the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
| lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissue, lymph organs (spleen) |
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Term
| what are the lymphatic system functions? |
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Definition
| 1. drainage and transport of extracellular tissue fluids (lymph fluid) into the venous system, 2. absorption and transport of fats from intestines into venous system, 3. immune or defense mechanisms for our body (antibodies and lymphocytes are produced and dispatched to infected areas) |
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Term
| what are the 2 large lymphatic drainage vessels? |
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Definition
| right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct |
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Term
| what is the right lymphatic duct? |
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Definition
| large lymph vessel that drains lymph from right upper extremity/trunk and right side of face into the venous system |
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Term
| what is the thoracic duct |
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Definition
| largest lymph vessel in the body; begins in the abdomen and courses through posterior mediastinum where it eventually drains into the subclavian vein; drains all of body except right upper extremity/trunk |
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Term
| is the left lung located in the pleural cavity |
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Definition
| no, the pleural cavity is the space between the 2 layers (visceral and parietal) of the pleura that contains serous fluid to lubricate pleural surfaces |
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Term
| the azygos joins the SVC and courses around the hilum of which lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| do pulmonary veins enter or exit the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe a bronchopulmonary segment including what structures enter and exit the segment and why clinicians find segments useful in patient care |
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Definition
| bronchopulmonary segmentsare the smallest functional sections of the lung. Each lung has approximately 10 bronchopulmonary segments. Each segment receives a tertiary bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery. Small pulmonary veins which convey oxygenated blood from the segments course between the segments in a connective thin tissue plane, which allows surgeons to isolate and remove diseased bronchopulmonary segments. |
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Term
| list 5 anatomical structures located in the posterior mediastinum |
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Definition
| aorta, esophagus, azygos vein (including hemi and accessory), thoracic duct, sympathetic chain |
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Term
| what does the vagus nerve cause in the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| how would exaggerated vagus nerve impulses affect a patient? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what kind of innervation (sympathetic or parasympathetic) does the vagus nerve provide to the lungs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| where do the postganglionic cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons from vagus nerve reside before going to lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| does the phrenic nerve provide motor, sensory, or both kinds of innervation to the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the fibrous pericardium |
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Definition
| a tough external membrane surrounding the heart |
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|
Term
| at what level does the trachea bifurcate? |
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Definition
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