Term
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Definition
| Passage of water through a semi permeable membrane from a weaker solution to a stronger solution |
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Term
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Definition
| Passage of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Passage of a substance from the renal tubules into the renal capillaries and back into the circulation |
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Term
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Definition
WBC's
RBC's
Platelets
Nutrients
Plasma Proteins
Chemicals
Water |
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Term
| What is the most important function of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| To maintain a constant internal environment - Homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| To remove nitrogenous waste products and excess water from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| This keeps the chemical composition and volume of the blood constant by getting rid of excess water and salts |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess amino acids and proteins produce waste and toxins called ammonia, this is filtered and converted by the liver to the less toxic urea and uric acid, which is then filtered by the kidneys and excreted as Urine |
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Term
| When is creatinine generated? |
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Definition
| in normal cell metabolism within the muscles |
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Term
| What can help determine the functioning quality of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| Urea and Creatinine levels |
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Term
| Where is the urinary system found? |
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Definition
| Within the abdominal and pelvic cavity |
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Term
| What else can the urinary system be referred to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the urinary system made up of? |
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Definition
2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
1 Bladder
1 Urethra |
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Term
| What is the indented area in the kidney known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enters and leaves the Kidney via the hilus? |
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Definition
Renal Artery
Renal Vein
Nerves
Ureter |
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Term
| Where can the adrenal glands be located? |
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Definition
| Cranial surface of the kidneys |
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Term
| Where can the kidneys be found? |
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Definition
| In the dorsal abdomen outside of the peritoneum |
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Term
| What are the kidneys surrounded by and why are they surrounded by it? |
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Definition
| Layer of fat for protection |
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Term
| What are the four parts of the kidney? |
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Definition
Cortex - Outer part
Medulla - Middle part
Renal Pelvis - Collecting space
Capsule - Protective layer of fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
| What are the filtering units within the kidneys called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The knot of blood vessels created by the arterioles is known as the ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the Glomerulus found within the nephrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Bowmans cup made of? |
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Definition
| Squamous Epithelial Tissue |
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Term
| Does the Afferent Arteriole enter or leave the glomerulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the Efferent Arteriole enter or leave the glomerulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| With blood vessel in the golmerulus is the thickest? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the afferent arteriole thicker than the efferent arteriole? |
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Definition
| To create high pressure within the glomerulus |
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Term
| What is the function of the high pressure in the glomerulus? |
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Definition
| To force fluid and small molecules out of the blood and into the bowmans capsule |
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Term
| What is the process of high pressure in the glomerulus in the bowmans capsule forceing fluid and small molecules into the bowmans capsule called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the product of ultrafilteration called? |
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Definition
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Term
| When Glomerular filterate leaves the bowmans capsule, what does it enter? |
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Definition
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule |
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Term
| Once the filterate leaves the proximal convulted tubule where does it enter? |
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Definition
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Term
| From the loop of henle where does the filterate go? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the final place that the filterate enters? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the collecting duct open into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to the filterate in the loop of henle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is reabsorbed in the loop of henle? |
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Definition
Water
Sodium ions
Chloride ions |
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Term
| In the descending limb of the loop of henle, what happens to the walls and the filterate? |
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Definition
Walls become permeable to water
Filterate becomes concentrated |
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Term
| In the ascending limb of the loop of henle what happens to the walls and the filterate? |
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Definition
Impermeable to water
Filterate becomes less concentrated |
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Term
| What is the distal convoluted tubule responsible for? |
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Definition
| Regulation of pH, potassium, sodium and calcium levels |
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Term
| What is selective reabsorption and where does it occur? |
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Definition
| Occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and is where remaining sodium ions are absorbed and calcium is reabsorbed |
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Term
| What controls the absorption of sodium and calcium? |
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Definition
Aldosterone
Calcitonin/Parathormone |
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Term
| What is active secretion and where does it occur and why? |
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Definition
| Occurs in the DCT if the concentration of certain compounds are too high, this is how blood pH is regulated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if the bloods pH drops lower than 7.35? |
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Definition
| The kidneys will excrete the excess hydrogen ions into the urine |
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Term
| What happens if the bloods pH is lower than 7.35? |
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Definition
| The kidneys will stop excreting Hydrogen ions |
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Term
| What hormone controls whether there are adjustments made to the volume of filterate in the collecting ducts? |
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Definition
| ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone) |
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Term
| What does ADH do to the collecting duct? |
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Definition
| Changes the permeability of the collecting ducts walls to water |
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Term
| What happens in the collecting duct if the patient is dehydrated? |
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Definition
| ADH is secreted making the wall more permeable to water, this means more water is absorbed back into the blood stream increasing fluid levels |
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Term
| Why can a fall in blood pressure cause problems in the kidneys? |
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Definition
| As the glomerulus functions under high pressure to force water and small molecules into the bowmans capsule, this can not happen if blood pressure is low |
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Term
| What are three hormones the kidneys produce? |
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Definition
Erythropoetin
Active Vitamin D
Renin |
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Term
| What is the function of Renin? |
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Definition
| To control blood vessel stability and regulate blood pressure |
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Term
| How does Renin increase the blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Converts angiotensiogen into angiotensin 1 which is then broken down by ACE to form angiotensin II which is a potent blood vessel constrictor |
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Term
| How does urine move along the ureters? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the flap valve? |
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Definition
| To prevent urine back flow |
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Term
| What is the bladder made of and what is it lined with? |
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Definition
| Made of smooth muscle and lined with transitional epithelium |
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Term
| What type of receptors are found within the bladder wall? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What retains urine within the bladder? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What two parts make up the bladder sphincter? |
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Definition
Internal sphincter
External sphincter |
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Term
| What type of control is the internal bladder sphincter under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of control is the external bladder sphincter under? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the section between the ureter entry point and the neck of the bladder known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the correct term for the passage of urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the opening of the female urethra called and where is it located? |
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Definition
| The opening is called the external urethral orifice and is located in the centre of the urethral tubercle |
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Term
| What are the two parts of the male urethra called? |
|
Definition
Pelvic Urethra
Penile Urethra |
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Term
| Describe the process of micturition... |
|
Definition
| The bladder becomes distented by urine, stretch receptors in smooth muscle bladder walls are stiumlated and nerve impulses are sent to the brain and then back to initiate contraction while over nerves are triggered to relax the internal sphincter to expel urine |
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Term
| What is urine made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average pH of urine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How much urine does a healthy cat or dog produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is specific gravity? |
|
Definition
| The measurement of the concentration of urine compared to distilled water |
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Term
| What do you measure SG with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a normal SG for a cat? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a normal SG for a dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does protein in the urine mean? |
|
Definition
Nephron damage
Chronic renal failure
Inflammation of urinary tract |
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Term
| What does blood in the urine mean? |
|
Definition
| Damage or infection of the urinary tract |
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Term
| What does Haemoglobin in the urine mean? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Glucose in the urine mean? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Ketones in the urine mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does bile in the urine mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does deposits in the urine mean? |
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Definition
| In small quantities these are normal |
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