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The Tissue Level (chapter 4)
Chapter 4 of Tortora
71
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/20/2011

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Cards

Term
4 types of tissue
Definition
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscular
  4. nervous
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition

covers, lines, and forms glands

 

Term
connective tissue
Definition
protects and supports the body and its organs
Term

muscular tissue

 

Definition
generates the physical force needed to move body structures
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
detects change inside and outside the body and responds by creating an action potential
Term
5 types of cell junctions
Definition
  1. tight
  2. adherens
  3. desmosomes
  4. hemidesmosomes
  5. gap
Term
4 surfaces of epithelial
Definition
  1. apical
  2. basal 
  3. lateral
  4. basement
Term
4 types of simple epithelium
Definition
  1. simple squamous
  2. simple cuboidal
  3. simple columnar
  4. psuedostratified columnar
Term
4 types of stratified epithelium
Definition
  1. stratified squamous
  2. stratified cuboidal
  3. stratifed columnar
  4. transitional
Term
glandular epithelium
Definition

makes secreting protion of glands

 

ex. thyrid, adrenal, sweat

Term
gland
Definition
single cell or group of cells that are either endocirne or exocrine
Term
endocrine glands
Definition

secret hormones into the intersticial fluid then diffuse into the blood stream without using a duct

 

ex pituitary, thyroid, adrenal

Term
exocrine gland
Definition

secrete their products into the ducts that empty inot the surfaces of covering and lining

 

Secretes:

  1. mucus
  2. sweat
  3. oil
  4. saliva
  5. earwax
  6. digetstive enzymes
Term
structural classification of exocrine glands
Definition
  1.  unicellular
  2. multicellular
Term
unicellular exocrine gland
Definition

is a single 

ex goblet

Term
multicellular exocrine gland
Definition

form a structure

ex sebaceous gland, sudorifous gland, salivary gland

Term
functional classification of exocrine glands
Definition
  1. merocrine
  2. apocrine
  3. holocrine
Term
merocrine gland
Definition

secretions are synthesis by ribosomes and sorted and released by vesicles by exocytosis. Most of the body glands are this type.

 

EX salivary gland

Term
apocrine gand
Definition

accumulation of the secretion froms at the apical surface then releases a portion of the cell with the secretion

 

ex mammary gland

Term
holocrine glands
Definition
secretion accumulates in the cytosol. the secretion is released when the cell ruptures.
Term
tight junction
Definition

weblike strands of protein that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranse. prevents leakage.

 

ex lining of urinary bladder

Term
adherens junctions
Definition

dense layer of proteins called plaque. run along inside of plasma membrane.

Function: resist separtion of cells on contraction

Term
Desmosomes
Definition

also called spot welds. Holds cells togeher in the intracellular space between cell membranes.

 

Function: helps resist separtion of cells on contractions

Term
hemidesmosomes
Definition
does not link adjacent cells.  anchor cells to the basement membrane
Term
gap junctions
Definition

proteins that form a fluid tunnel that connect cells.

 

funcitons: to allow cells to communicate with eachother (transfer nutrients, waste, action potentials)

Term
apical surface
Definition
top surface of epithelium - faces outside or air
Term
basal surface
Definition
bottom surface of epithelial. adheres to extracellular material
Term
lateral surface
Definition
faces adjacent cells on either side of epitheilal cells
Term
basement memebrane
Definition
protein layer that epthelial cells adhere to
Term
function and location of simple squamous
Definition

function: filtration and diffusion

Location: kidneys and lungs

Term
funciton and location of simple cuboidal
Definition

function: secretion and absoprtion

Location: kidneys and thyroid

Term
functions and location of simple columnar
Definition

function: absorpiton and secretion

location: digestive tract, reproductive tract, repiratory tract

may or may not have cilia

has goblet cells

Term
function and location of psuedostratifed columnar
Definition

function: secretion

location: trachea and male urethra

have cilia and goblet cells

Term
function and location of stratified squamous
Definition

funciton: protection from heat and microbes

location: skin and every opening in the body

can be keratinaized or non keratinized

Term
location and function of stratified cuboidal
Definition

NOT IN LAB- RARE

funciton: protection and secrtion

Location: sweat glands and male urethra

Term

function and location of stratified columnar

 

Definition

function: protection and secretion

location urtethra and conjuntiva(mucus membrane) of eye

Term
function and location of transitonal
Definition

funciton to allow distention or stretching

location: bladder and uritor (only in urinary system)

Term
connective tissue
Definition

function: binds things together, protect organs, location for energy storage, immune response and transport.

 

 

Term
blast
Definition
immature connective tissue cells  that make extracellular matrix after the cell matures it is a cyte
Term
cytes
Definition
connective tissue cells that maintain the extracellular matrix.
Term
6 connective tissue cells
Definition
  1. fibroblasts
  2. Macrophages
  3. Plasma Cells
  4. Mast Cells
  5. Adipocytes
  6. white blood cells
Term
fibroblast
Definition
large flat cells that secrete the fibers in ground substance of extracellular matrix
Term
macrophages
Definition
engulf bacter and cellular debris and destroy it by phagocytosis
Term
plasma cells
Definition
secrete antibodies that fight against viruses and bacteria
Term
mast cells
Definition
produces histamine, histamine dilates small blood vessels. so WBC can get out to fight microbes
Term
adipocytes
Definition
store tryglycerides
Term
white blood cells
Definition
fight microbes
Term
ground substance of extracellular matrix
Definition

between the fibers and cells of connective tissue. made of fluid or gel or calcified bone.

 

function: store water and exhange nutrients and waste from the blood to the cells

Term
3 types of connective tissue extracellular matrix fibers
Definition
  1. collagen
  2. elastic 
  3. reticular
Term
collagen
Definition
very strong and resist pulling forces. is a protein that adds strength to the connective tissue
Term
elastic
Definition
smaller and form a network within the tissue. fibers can be stretched 150% without breaking. found in skin, blood vessles and lungs
Term
reticular
Definition
arranged in fine bundles and their job is to form the fram work of organs and blood vessels. it is what gives organs their shape
Term
embryonic connective tissue
Definition

only found in embryo and fetus

 

  1. mesenchyme
  2. mucous
Term
mesenchyme ct
Definition

type of embryonic ct. 

ALL mature connective tissue arises from this type of emybryonic ct

Term
mucous ct
Definition

embryonic ct

found in umbilical cord

purpose is support

Term
loose connective tissue
Definition
fibers are loosely arranged
  1. areolar
  2. adipose
  3. reticular
Term

dense connective tissue

 

Definition

have more fibers and less cells

  1. dense regular
  2. dense irregular
  3. elastic
Term

cartilage

 

Definition

dense network of collagen and elastic fibers in a gel ground substance

can not repair itself

no blood supply so it heals poorly

  1. hyaline
  2. fibrocartilage
  3. elastic
Term
bone 
Definition

function to support soft tissue, protects organs and generates movement

 

 

extracellular matrix is calcified minerals

Term
liquid connective tissue
Definition
  1. blood 
  2. lymph
Term
areolar ct
Definition
  • loose ct
  • forms subcutaneous layer that attaches skin to organs
  • combo of all 3 types of fibers and all 6 types of cells
Term
adipose ct
Definition
  • loose ct
  • stores triglycerides to be used as energy and to protect organs
Term
reticular ct
Definition
  • loose ct
  • provides support network for liver, spleen, lymph notes, and smooth muscle. 
  • composed of reticular fibers and numerous cells
Term
dense regular ct
Definition
  • dense ct
  • has parallel pattern of collagen fibers
  • forms tendons and ligaments
Term
dense irregular ct
Definition
  • dense ct
  • combination of collagen fibers and reticular fibers in an irregular shaped pattern
  • found in dermis and heart valves 
Term

elastic ct

 

Definition
  • dense ct
  • made up of elastic fibers and cells
  • functions to allow stretching and recoil over and over
  • found in lungs and blood vessles
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
  • most abudndant cartilage
  • provides flexability and support 
  • reduces friction at joints
  • found in most of your joints, nose and trachea
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
  • strongest cartilage
  • found in intervetebral disc
  • functions to support and shock absorption
Term
elastic
Definition
  • provides strenght and elasticity
  • found in external ear
Term
blood
Definition
  • contains wbc, rbc, and platelets
  • function oxygen transport, immune function, and clotting
Term
lymph
Definition
  • fluid with many cells that carry substances from the blood to the tissue
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