Term
| What are the contents of the thorax? |
|
Definition
| The heart, great vessels, lungs, airways |
|
|
Term
| What is the thorax divided into? |
|
Definition
| The left and right pleural spaces |
|
|
Term
| What separates the sides of the thorax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 functions of the thorax? |
|
Definition
1. Protection
2. Breathing
3. Attachments |
|
|
Term
| How does the thorax help with breathing? |
|
Definition
| Diaphragm and intercostal muscles move ribcage to allow breaking |
|
|
Term
| What attachments are there for the thorax? |
|
Definition
1. Upper limb attachment
2. Breast attachment |
|
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Term
| What joint is responsible for attachment of the upper limb? |
|
Definition
| The sternoclavicular joint |
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Term
| Where is the breast attached to the thorax? |
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Definition
| Between ribs 2-6, over the pectoralis major |
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Term
| What is located at the top of the thorax? The bottom? |
|
Definition
1. The inlet
2. The outlet |
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|
Term
| Where is the thorax the narrowest? The widest? |
|
Definition
| Narrowest at the top, widdest at ribs 7/8 |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the cage? |
|
Definition
- 12 sets of ribs
- 12 thoracic vert
- Sternum |
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|
Term
| What space defines the inlet? |
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Definition
| The first thoracic ver (posteriorly), first ribs at all sides, and the superior aspect of the manubrium sternum |
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|
Term
| What structures pass through the inlet? (9) |
|
Definition
- Esophagus
- Trachea
- Common carotid art
- Subclavian art
- Jugular vein
- Subclav vein
- L/R Vagus nerves
- L/R phrenic nerves
- L/R sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Both the vagus and phrenic nerves pass through the outlet, in addition to the inlet |
|
Definition
| False, only the vagus passes through the outlet |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 12th thoracic vert, 12th ribs, 11th ribs, costal margin |
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|
Term
| What is the costal margin? |
|
Definition
| The fused costal cart of ribs 7-10 |
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|
Term
| What structures pass through the outlet? (6) |
|
Definition
- Esophagus
- Descending aorta
- Inferior vena cava
- L/R vagus
- L/R sympathetic
- Thoracic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of this bone? |
|
Definition
| Anterior attachment for the ribs and protection |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 parts of the sternum? |
|
Definition
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xyphoid process |
|
|
Term
| What joint unites the manubrium and body? The xyphoid and body? |
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Definition
| Manubriosternal and xyphosternal |
|
|
Term
| Where is the manubrium located? |
|
Definition
| Most superior portion of the sternum |
|
|
Term
| What are the main structural features of the manubrium? |
|
Definition
- Jugular (suprasternal) notch
- Articular faces for sternoclavicular joint
- Articular surfaces for the first costernal joints |
|
|
Term
| Where does the second rib articulate with the sternum? |
|
Definition
| With both the manubrium and the body of the sternum |
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|
Term
| (T/F) The manubrium joins the body at an angle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is this angle called? |
|
Definition
| The sternal angle (of Louis) |
|
|
Term
| What ribs articulate on the body of the sternum? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located at the most inferior portion of the sternum? What is this portion called? |
|
Definition
| The xyphoid process; the subcostal angle |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of ribs are there? How many true? How many false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rib that is directly attached to the sternum via costal cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Which false ribs are attached to the costal cartilage? Which are floating? |
|
Definition
| 8-10 are attached, 11 and 12 are floating |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The first rib is the widest, shortest, and flattest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does it articulate with vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the scalene tubercle? |
|
Definition
| The small bump in the superior surface of the first rib that serves as muscle attachment |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The subclavian vein passes in front of the scalene tubercle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The subclavian artery passes in front of the scalene tubercle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the structures of a typical rib |
|
Definition
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Tubercle
4. Shaft
5. Distal end |
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|
Term
| What is a demifacet? Is this how ribs articulate with vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| Yes it is; an articulation of 2 bones that articulate with a third bone |
|
|
Term
| Describe how all ribs (except 1, 11 and 12) articulate with their vertebrae? |
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Definition
| The head articulates with its own vertebrae inferiorly, and the n-1 vert superiorly |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 parts of the tubercle? |
|
Definition
1. Articular suface
2. Non-articular part |
|
|
Term
| What joint uses this surface? |
|
Definition
| The costo-transverse joint |
|
|
Term
| What is the main feature of the shaft of the rib? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
| Subcostal groove; inferior deep surface of the shaft |
|
|
Term
| What is the angle of the rib? |
|
Definition
| Where the rib starts to point forwards and downwards, roughly 1/3 of the way around the body |
|
|
Term
| What type of joint is the costal joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the radiate ligaments? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
| The ligaments that act to hold the head in place; anteriorly in the costovertebral joint |
|
|
Term
| What ligament is deep in the costovertebral joint? |
|
Definition
| The intra-articular ligament |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of this ligament? |
|
Definition
| Secures the head of the rib to the disc |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The structure of the sternocostal joint is very similar to the costovertebral joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other structure of the rib has articulation, besides the head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the tubercle articulate with? |
|
Definition
| The articular portion of the transverse process of the vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What ligaments support the costotransverse joint? (joint between tubercle and transverse process) |
|
Definition
1. Medial costotransverse
2. Lateral costotransverse (smaller)
3. Superior costotransverse |
|
|
Term
| What is the medial ligament also called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures does the superior costotransverse ligament rub between? |
|
Definition
| The neck of the rib and the transverse process above |
|
|
Term
| How many layers of intercostal muscles are there? Name them. |
|
Definition
1. External intercostals (superficial)
2. Internal intercostals
3. Innermost intercostals (deep) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the composition of the external intercostals? |
|
Definition
| Lateral and posterior sections are muscle, anterior section is an aponeurosis |
|
|
Term
| What direction do the muscle fibers of the EI's point? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the composition of the internal intercostals? |
|
Definition
| Anterior and lateral parts are muscular, posterior is aponeurosis |
|
|
Term
| What direction do the muscle fibers of the internal's point? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the composition of the innermost intercostals? |
|
Definition
| Incomplete layer in three parts: anterior, lateral, and posterior |
|
|
Term
| What is the anterior portion usually called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are these sections joined? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) These layers are the same in most humans |
|
Definition
| False, they are highly variable |
|
|
Term
| What are the intercostal spaces? |
|
Definition
| The spaces between the ribs |
|
|
Term
| What is the subcostal space? |
|
Definition
| The area below the 12th rib |
|
|
Term
| Where is the intercostal space located? |
|
Definition
| Between the internal and innermost layers of muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is contained within this space? |
|
Definition
| Intercostal vein, artery, and nerve, located in the subcostal groove |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of intercostal nerves are their? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The anterior rami of the spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What makes T1 different than the rest of the intercostal nerves? |
|
Definition
| Its major contribution is to the brachial blexus |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Each intercostal nerve sends off a major collateral branch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of these collateral branches? |
|
Definition
| Supply sensory innervation for the skin |
|
|
Term
| What two structures do these collateral branches merge with? |
|
Definition
1. The dorsal rami
2. Anterior cutaneous nerves (terminal part of intercostal nerve) |
|
|
Term
| What 2 arteries supply the intercostal spaces? |
|
Definition
1. Anterior intercost
2. Posterior intercostal |
|
|
Term
| What structure do most posterior intercostal arteries arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What arteries are the two exceptions, and describe how they are different? |
|
Definition
1. First intercostal artery
2. Second intercostal artery
- Both arise from the supreme intercostal artery (a branch of the subclavian artery) |
|
|
Term
| What artery are the anterior intercostal arteries branches of? |
|
Definition
| The internal thoracic (internal mammary) artery |
|
|
Term
| Which artery is the internal thoracic artery a branch of? Describe its route after the |
|
Definition
| The subclavian artery; runs down lateral to sternum behind the costal cartilages |
|
|
Term
| What accompanies the internal thoracic artery? |
|
Definition
| Its venae comitantes (accompanying vein) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the internal thoracic artery bifurcate? What two vessels does it bifurcate into? |
|
Definition
| At the costal margin; the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries |
|
|
Term
| What vessel do the upper 6 anterior intercostal arteries come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the rest come from? |
|
Definition
| The musculophrenic arteries |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The posterior and anterior arteries anastemose with each other anterolaterally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the posterior intercostal veins run back? |
|
Definition
| Run back in the upper part of the intercostal spaces |
|
|
Term
| What vein do they empty into, on the right side of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the series of veins that the left thorax drains into called? Where does this structure eventually drain into? |
|
Definition
| The hemiazygos veins; the azygos vein |
|
|
Term
| Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain into? |
|
Definition
| The accompanying veins of the internal thoracic artery |
|
|
Term
| Where do these vessels drain into? |
|
Definition
| The brachiocephalic veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A thin, musculotendinious partition separating the contents of the thorax from those of the abdomen |
|
|
Term
| What structures pass through the diphragm? |
|
Definition
- Esophagus
- Aorta
- Inferior vena cava
- Vagus
- Sympathetic nerves |
|
|
Term
| What nerves innervate the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| The left and right phrenic nerves |
|
|
Term
| What nerves form the phrenic nerve? |
|
Definition
| C3,4,5 (C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 origins of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
1. Lumbar
2. Costal
3. Sternal |
|
|
Term
| What are the structures at the lumbar attachment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do these crura arise from? |
|
Definition
| The first 3 lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) These structures form an arch to allow the aorta to pass through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is found lateral to these crura? What attachment are they apart of? |
|
Definition
| Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments; costal attachment |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of these ligaments? |
|
Definition
| Bridge across two posterior abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| Which two muscles does it bridge? |
|
Definition
1. Quadratus lumborum
2. Psoas |
|
|
Term
| Where does the costal attachment continue, after the lateral arcuate ligament? |
|
Definition
| Along rib 12 and onto the lower 6 costal cartilages |
|
|
Term
| What structure does the costal origin then pass to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sternal origin? |
|
Definition
| Where the diaphragm attaches to the xyphoid process |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The diaphragm rises to form a left and right dome on each side of the thorax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The left dome rises 1cm higher than the right |
|
Definition
| False, the right rises 1cm higher than the left |
|
|
Term
| Where do the fibers of the diaphragm insert onto? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the central tendon upon inspiration? |
|
Definition
| The central tendon is pulled downwards, flattening the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What is the costodiaphragmatic recess? |
|
Definition
| The structure lateral to the dome of the diaphragm; less prominent upon inspiration |
|
|
Term
| Where does the aorta pierce the diaphragm? At what level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm? At what level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the vagus pierce the diaphragm? At what level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the inferior vena cava pierce the diaphragm? At what level? |
|
Definition
- Central tendon (most anterior structure to pass through)
- T8 |
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