Term
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Definition
Upper part of the body cavity, separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm and protected by the thoracic cage
Contents include the heart, great vessels, lungs, airways and supporting circulatory and nerve networks |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of the thoracic cage |
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Definition
| Protection, breathing, attachments (upper limb at the sternoclavicular joint, the breast between ribs 2 and 6) |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 ribs, 12 vertebrateand the sternum |
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Term
| Border of inlet (superior aperture) |
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Definition
| First thoracic vertebrate posteriorly, side of the first ribs, superior aspect of the manubrium sterni anteriorly |
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Term
| Border of outlet (inferior aperture) |
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Definition
| Twelfth ribs passing onto the eleventh ribs and then the costal margin |
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Term
| Structures that pass through the inlet? (x7) |
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Definition
| Esophagus, trachea, common carotid and subclavian arteries, jugular and subclavian veins, left and right vagus nerves, left and right phrenic nerves, left and right sympathetic trunk |
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Term
| Structures that pass through the outlet? (x6) |
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Definition
| Esophagus, descending aorta, inferior vena cava, left and right vagus nerves, left and right sympathetic trunks, thoracic duct |
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Term
| Joint between sternum and clavicle |
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Definition
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Term
| Joint between sternum and manubrium |
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Definition
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Term
| Joint between sternum and xiphoid process |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Medical landmark on the superior and medial aspect of the manubrium |
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Term
| Articulation of Rib 1 to sternum |
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Definition
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Term
| Articulation of Rib 2 to sternum |
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Definition
| Demifacet on manubrium and body of sternum |
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Term
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Definition
| Manubrium joins the body at an angle in the anteroposterior plane |
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Term
| Articulation of Ribs 3 to 6 to sternum |
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Definition
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Term
| Articulation of Rib 7 to sternum |
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Definition
| Demifacet on body of sternum and xiphoid process via costal cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Pointed and cartilaginous in the young
Located in the subcostal angle |
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Term
| Location of xiphoid process |
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Definition
Subcostal angle
Inferior to body of sternum |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribs 8-10 attach to the sternum via costal cartilage of rib 7. Ribs 11-12 do not articulate with the sternum |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribs 1-7, directly attached to the sternum via costal cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Description and articulation of first rib |
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Definition
| Widest, shortest and flattest rib. Articulates posteriorly with the body of T1 |
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Term
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Definition
Small bump on the upper surface of Rib 1
Attachment for anterior scalene muscle The subclavian vein passes anteriorly and the subclavian artery passes posteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
| Articulation with body of vertebrate. 2 demifaces articulate with the body of its own vertebrate and the one above |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow. Medial costrotransverse ligament (of the neck) stabilizes articulation between tubercle and transverse process. Superior costotransverse ligament joins neck and transverse process of rib above. |
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Term
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Definition
| Articular surface for transverse process (costotransverse joint) and non-articular surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Flat, features the subcostal groove running in the deep interior surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Costal cartilage attaches to the sternum at a synovial joint |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 facet (for Rib 1)and 1 demifacet (for Rib 2) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 demifacets (for RibX + RibX+1) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 facet (for Ribs 11 and 12) |
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Term
| Joint between rib and transverse process |
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Definition
| Costotransverse joint - strengthened by large medial, small lateral and superior costotransverse ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the intercostal vein, artery and nerve in the intercostal space |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/3 of the way aroung, the rib points forward and downward |
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Term
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Definition
| Head is held in place to vertebrate (X and X-1) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tip of the head is held in place with the vertebral disc |
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Term
| Medial costotransverse ligament |
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Definition
| Large; joint between tubercle of rib and transverse process of vertebrate |
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Term
| Lateral costotransverse ligament |
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Definition
| Small; joint between tubercle of rib and transverse process of vertebrate |
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Term
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Definition
| Run in the gaps between the ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| Superficial, fibers point down and forward (medial). Anterior section is aponeurotic |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle, fibers point down and posterior (lateral). Posterior section is aponeurotic |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep, fibers point down and posterior (lateral). Anterior (tranversus thoracis), middle and posterior muscle layers are incomplete, connected by thin aponeuroses and extremely variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior muscular layer of innermost intercostals |
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Term
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Definition
| Location between internal and innermost intercostal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Space below the twelfth rib |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior rami of the spinal nerves. Each nerve courses around the intercostal space, sending off a major collateral branch which supply the sensory innervation to the skin and merge with branches from the dorsal rami and the anterior cutaneous nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| Major component of the brachial plexus |
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Term
| Posterior intercostal arteries |
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Definition
| Arise from the aorta except 1 and 2 which arise from the supreme intercostal artery (branch of the subclavian) |
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Term
| Anterior intercostal arteries |
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Definition
Upper 6 branch from the internal thoracic artery (branch of the subclavian) which run down lateral to the sternum
It bifurcates at the costal margin into the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries
Lower 6 branch from the musculophrenic artery |
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Term
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Definition
| Drains the right side of the thorax and drain into the brachiocephalic vein |
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Term
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Definition
| Drain the left side of the thorax in groups of approx 4 and drain into the azygos vein. |
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Term
| Anterior intercostal veins |
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Definition
| Drain into the internal thoracic vein which drains into the brachiocephalic vein |
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Term
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Definition
| Musculotendinous division between the thorax and the abdoment. Passing through are the aorta (T12), the esophagus (T10), the inferior vena cava (T8), the vagi and sympathetic nerves |
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Term
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Definition
Somation innervation of the diaphragm
Lateral to the vagi, passes between the lung and the heart outside the pericardium
Originate from C3,4,5 |
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Term
| Lumbar origin of the diaphragm |
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Definition
| Right and left cura arise from the first three lumbar vertebrate and arch around the aorta at T12. The right crus wraps around the esophagus T10 |
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Term
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Definition
| Bridges across the psoas muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Bridges across the quadratus lumborum |
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Term
| Costal origin of the diaphragm |
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Definition
| The lateral arcuate ligament continues along Rib 12 and onto the costal cartilages of the lower 6 ribs |
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Term
| Sternal origin of the diaphragm |
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Definition
| Costal origin passes onto the xiphoid process |
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Term
| Right dome of the diaphragm |
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Definition
| Rises 1cm below the right nipple (of male) due to the liver pushing up against it |
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Term
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Definition
| Crescent-shaped insertion of the muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles of the diaphragm contract, flattening the central tendon and pulling it downward |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles of the diaphragm relax, reducing the vertical height of the thoracic cavity |
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Term
| Costodiaphragmatic recess |
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Definition
| Lateral recess of the dome of the diaphragm, less prominent upon inspiration |
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Term
| Functions of the circulatory system |
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Definition
| Transport of oxygenated blood, endocrine hormones and nutrients from the GI tract to all regions of the body. Transport of carbon dioxide to the lungs and oxygen from the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vessels serving the organs and tissues of the body except the lungs and liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Portal vein and its tributaries deliver nutrients from the GI tract to the liver |
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Term
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Definition
Muscular pump that drives the circulatory system.
Located in the middle mediastinum and constructed of contractile cardiac and connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Left and right atria, left and right ventricles |
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Term
| Circulation through the heart |
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Definition
| I.V.C. - right atria - tricuspid valve - right ventricles - pulmonary valve - pulmonary trunk - pulmonary arteries - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - ascending aorta |
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Term
| Branches of the aortic arch |
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Definition
Brachiocephalic (bifurcates into the right subclavian and right common carotid)
Left common carotid
Left subclavian |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Supply the upper limbs, provide the branch for the vertebtral arteries |
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Term
| Descending (thoracic) aorta |
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Definition
| Passes through the diaphragm to become the abdominal aorta which bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries |
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Term
| Layers of the pericardium |
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Definition
| Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium (visceral and parietal layer) |
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Term
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Definition
Dense connective tissue surrounding the heart, the serous pericardia and the roots of the great vessels.
The base is fused with the central tendon of the diaphragm.
The serous pericardium is fused with the inside of the fibrous pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| Aka the double-layered pericardial sac. The parietal layer is fused with the fibrous pericardium and the visceral layer (aka the epicardium) is fused with the myocardium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by the serous pericardium, enabling the two layers to move freely during contraction of the heart |
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Term
| Right border of the heart |
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Definition
| Right atrium; the border forms a continuous line with the venae cavae |
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Term
| Inferior border of the heart |
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Definition
| Right atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| Left ventricle and left auricle |
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Term
| Superior border of the heart |
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Definition
| Roots of the great vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Points down and to the left
Formed by the tip of the left ventricle |
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Term
| Anterior surface of the heart |
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Definition
| Right atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Left and right ventricles, base of the left atrium and roots of the great vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by the left atrium |
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Term
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Definition
Between the atria and the ventricles
Lies superficially between the atrioventricular septum |
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Term
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Definition
Between the left and right ventricles
Lies superficially between the interventricular septum |
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Term
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Definition
| Oval aperture between the atrium and the ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by the venae cavae (and the smooth surface between them), the interatrial septum and the right atrioventricular septum |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertical ridge separating the smooth walled section of the atrium from the muscular wall. Located on the anterior wall of the right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of parallel ridges on the anterior muscular wall |
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Term
| Aurical or atrial appendage |
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Definition
| Vestigial flap which projects foward around the root of the aorta |
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Term
| Opening of the coronary sinus |
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Definition
At the left of the IVC opening.
Smaller and inferior to the fossa ovalis |
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Term
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Definition
Depression in the interatrial septum.
Formerly, the foramen ovale which was a feature of the fetal circulation that allows blood to bypasses the pulmonary circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood from the right atrium pass the tricuspid valve through the A-V orifice |
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Term
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Definition
| Three flaps guarding the right A-V orifice and close upon ventricular contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth and funnel-shaped cavity of the left and right ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 semilunar cusps located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk which fill upon diastole and close preventing regurgitation of the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendinous cords which prevent the three flasps of the tricuspid valve from evaginating into the atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Elongated bands of muscles which control the chordae tendinae |
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Term
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Definition
| Ridges of muscle which contribute to the thickened walls of the ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| Round bundle of muscle fibers which link the interventricular septum to the right ventricular wall |
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Term
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Definition
Forms the base of the heart
Thin-walled bag (low pressure) supplied by a variable number of pulmonary veins (~2 per side) |
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Term
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Definition
| Points around the left side of the aortic arch |
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Term
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Definition
3x as thick as the right ventricle due to higher pressure in the systemic circulation.
Chordae tendinae, papillary muscles and trabeculae carnae are more robust |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 flaps separating the left atrium and left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 semilunar cusps located between the left ventricle and the aorta which fill upon diastole and close preventing regurgitation of the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Point of contact at the centre of each cusp of the semilunar valves |
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Term
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Definition
Superior I.V.C., inferior I.V.C., pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins and the aorta
Lie within the fibrous pericardium and lined with serous pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| Rises straight from the top of the right ventricle and divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries which send deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
Arises from the left ventricle to the left of the pulmonary trunk
It has two branches, the coronary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
Three bulges at the root of both the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
Located above the cusps of the pulmonary and aortic values |
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Term
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Definition
| Two of three sinuses in the aorta give rise to the left and right coronary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| Arise from their aortic sinuses and run forward under the cover of the left and right auricles |
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Term
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Definition
| Runs down into the anterior A.V. sulcus and then backwards to the posterior I.V. sulcus |
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Term
| Posterior descending (interventricular artery) |
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Definition
| Branch from the right coronary artery which runs down into the posterior I.V. sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
Branch from the right coronary artery
Supplies part of the right ventricular wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Branches into the anterior descending (interventricular) artery and the left circumflex artery |
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Term
| Anterior descending (interventricular) artery |
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Definition
| Branches from the left coronary artery and runs down into the anterior I.V. sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| Passes behind the heart through the A.V. sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
Runs up the anterior I.V. sulcus and around the left border of the heart through the A.V. sulcus
As it passes to the back, it enlargens and becomes the coronary sinus |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlarged vessel which runs through the posterior A.V. sulcus and empties into the right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Runs up the posterior I.V. sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| Runs of the right border of the heart and passes around the back in the A.V. sulcus to join the coronary sinus before it enters the right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympathetic and parasympathetic synapses located posterior to the heart and anterior to the bifurcation of the trachea |
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Term
| Sympathetic innervation of the heart |
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Definition
Pre-ganglionic nerves arise from vertebral levels T1-T4
Post-ganglionic nerves originate from the three cervical ganglia (C1-C8) and the cardiac splanchnic nerves (T1-T4) and pass through the cardiac plexus to synapse in the SA or AV node
Increase heart rate, contractile force and coronary blood flow |
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Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of the heart |
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Definition
Pre-ganglionic vagus nerves synapse in the cardiac plexus
Post-ganglionic vagus nerves terminate on the SA and AV nodes and the coronary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
Excitable cells located in the right atrium near the opening of the superior I.V.C.
Controls the A.V. node |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitable cells located in the lower part of the of interatrial septum in the right ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibers from the A.V. node run down the I.V. septum and around to the ventricular walls |
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Term
| Left and right bundle branches |
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Definition
| Branches that supply each ventricle after the bifurcation of the Bundle of His near the bottom of the I.V. septum |
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Term
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Definition
Double walled serous membranous sac that contains each of the lungs
Two layers include the parietal and visceral pleura |
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Term
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Definition
| Root of the lungs (free from the pleura) which contains branches of the pulmonary artery (superior), bronchi (posterior) and pulmonary vein (inferior) |
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Term
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Definition
| Space between the parietal and visceral layers filled with serous exudate |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid contained within the pleural sac |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers the three surfaces of the lung: the costal, the mediastinal and the diaphragmatic pleura |
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Term
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Definition
| Attached to the lung surface including those inside the fissures |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers the large, curved lung-surface defined by the rib cage |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers the medial surface of the lungs (the space in between) |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers the base of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Divided into a superior and inferior lobe by the oblique fissure |
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Term
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Definition
| Indentation in the left lung |
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Term
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Definition
| Flap of lung tissue that wraps anteriorly around the front of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Top of the lung (dome-shaped) which extends up into the root of the neck |
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Term
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Definition
| Divided into a superior, middle and inferior lobe by the horizontal and oblique fissure, respectively |
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Term
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Definition
| Splits into the left and right primary bronchi at the last cartilaginous ring, the carina (T5), at the level of the sternal angle |
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Term
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Definition
| Enters the left lung and splits into two secondary bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| Enters the right lung and splits into three secondary bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| Each bifurcates into two or three tertiary bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| Each supplies a subdivision of the lobe called a bronchopulmonary segment (or lobule) within which branches of pulmonary arteries and tributaries of pulmonary veins follow the same path |
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Term
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Definition
Provides the blood supply for other connective tissues of the lung
Branch from the descending aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| Small sacs in the lung where blood is oxygenated and decarbonated |
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Term
| Primary muscle of respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary muscles of respiration |
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Definition
| The intercostal, scalene and pectoral muscles |
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Term
| Sympathetic innervation of the lung |
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Definition
Causes dilation of the bronchioles
Preganglionic fibers originate from T2-T4 and synapse at the same level with postganglionic fibers which travel as pulmonary splanchnics through the pulmonary plexus to the bronchioles |
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Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of the lung |
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Definition
Causes constriction of the bronchioles
Preganglionic vagi synapse in the pulmonary plexus
Postganglionic fibers travel to the bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
| Located around the pulmonary bifurcation of the trachea |
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Term
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Definition
Central part of the thorax defined as the space between the lungs
Divided into superior, anterior, middle and the posterior portions |
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Term
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Definition
| Comprised by the anterior, middle and posterior portions |
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Term
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Definition
Region between T2/3 to T4/5
Contains the superior vena cava (and its tributaries), aortic arch (and its branches), the trachea, the esophagus, the vagus and phrenic nerves |
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Term
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Definition
Region below T4/5 and anterior to the heart
Contains fat and the thymus |
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Term
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Definition
Behind the anterior mediastinum
Contains the heart (and its pericardia), the ascending aorta, the pulmonary trunk and the lower superior vena cava |
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Term
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Definition
Behind the middle mediastinum
Contains the descending aorta, the lower esophagus, the root of the lungs and the posterior thoracic wall structures (thoracic duct, sympathetic trunk, azygos vein) |
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Term
| Left and right jugular veins |
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Definition
| Left and right internal and external veins descend from the neck and join the left and right subclavian vein |
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Term
| Left and right subclavian veins |
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Definition
| The veins merge with the internal and external jugular veins and the vertebral veins to form the brachiocephalic veins |
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Term
| Left and right brachiocephalic veins |
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Definition
| The brachiocephalic veins coalesce slightly on the right to form the superior vena cava |
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Term
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Definition
| The S.V.C. joins with the arch of the azgos vein as it descends into the right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| The ascending aorta leaves the pericardium to become the aortic arch, curving over and to the left before straightening out to become the descending aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| First branch of the aortic arch which ascends on the right side and then bifurcates into the right common carotid and the right subclavian arteries |
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Term
| The common carotid arteries |
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Definition
Ascend and enter the base of the neck on either side
They supply the head and the brain (with the vertebral arteries) |
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Term
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Definition
| Branch from the subclavian artery on either side and course parallel and beneath the clavicle to supply the upper limbs |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrous structure running down from beneath the arch of the aorta to the top of the pulmonary trunk
Vestige of the ductus arteriosus, which allow blood flow to bypass the pulmonary circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Runs down the thorax to the left of the vertebral bodies in close proximity to the trachea and esophagus (to the right of it) |
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Term
| Branches of the descending aorta |
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Definition
| The intercostal arteries (posterior pair), the bronchial arteries (super and inferior middle pairs), the esophageal arteries (anterior, unpaired) |
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Term
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Definition
Muscular tube carrying food from the pharynx to the stomach
It lies behind the trachea and between the left and right vagi
Right - thoracic duct - esophagus - aorta - left |
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Term
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Definition
Rigid tube (airway) made up of incomplete rings of cartilage and connective tissue
Descends to T4/5 where it bifurcates into the left and right primary bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| Underside of the bifurcation marked by the last cartilaginous ring |
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Term
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Definition
Enter the thorax with the common carotids, in front of the subclavian arteries and behind the pulmonary trunk before attaching to the esophagus and entering the abdomen
Give off the recurrent laryngeal nerves which travel back up to the larynx |
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Term
| Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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Definition
Left - recurs around the arch of the aorta (lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum) to ascend to the larynx
Right - recurs around the subclavian |
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Term
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Definition
Arise in the neck from roots C3,4,5 (motor, sensory and sympathetic) to innervate the diaphragm
Enter the thorax lateral to the vagi and attach to each side of the pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the unpaired thoracic duct, the paired sympathetic trunks and the azygos vein |
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Term
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Definition
Largest lymphatic vessel in the body which drains the left side of the body and the right side below the diaphragm
Arises from the cisterna chyli and passes up to the right of the aorta before it crosses to the left (T1/2) and usually enters the internal jugular vein |
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Term
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Definition
| "Holding tank" for lymphatic fluid in the upper abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
| Aperture in the diaphragm at T12 allowing the aorta and the thoracic duct to penetrate the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
Contain the sympathetic nerves on either side of the vertebral column
Ganglion at each level is supplied with input from vertebral nerves
Extends into the neck superiorly and the abdomen and pelvis inferiorly |
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Term
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Definition
| Emanate from the sympathetic trunk (T1-L2) |
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Term
| Greater splanchnic nerves |
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Definition
| T5-9 supply the input to the celiac ganglion to innervate the foregut |
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Definition
| T10-11 supply the input to the superior mesenteric ganglion to innervate the midgut |
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Definition
| L1-L2 supply the input to the inferior mesenteric ganglion to innervate the hindgut |
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Definition
| T12-L1 supply the input to the renal ganglion to innervate the kidneys |
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Definition
| Drain the right intercostal veins and empties into the S.V.C. via the arch of the azygos vein |
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Definition
Drains the intercostal veins on the left side of the body in groups of 4
Crosses the thorax to drain into the azygous vein |
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Definition
| Empties into the S.V.C (last tributary) at T4 |
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Definition
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| Joint between rib and transverse process |
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Definition
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Term
| Joint between rib and sternum |
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Definition
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Term
| Supreme intercostal artery |
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Definition
| Branch from the subclavian artery and give rise to the first and second posterior intercostal arteries |
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Term
| Internal thoracic (mammary) artery |
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Definition
Gives rise to upper 6 anterior intercostal arteries
Branch of the subclavian artery that runs down lateral to the sternum behind the costal cartilages with venae comitantes
It bifurcates in the costal margin into the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries |
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Term
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Definition
Branch from the internal thoracic artery after its bifurcation at the costal margin
Gives rise to lower 6 anterior intercostal arteries |
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Term
| Posterior intercostal veins |
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Definition
| Run back in the upper part of the intercostal space to empty into the azygos vein (right) or the hemiazygous veins (left)which eventually drain into the brachiocephalic veins |
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