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The Skeleton
Bones of the adult skeleton
85
Anatomy
12th Grade
10/27/2010

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Term
Articulations
Definition
skeletal joints, or movements at joints
Term
Synarthroses
Definition
(fibrous joints) immovable, with fibrous connective tissue - all but one joint in the head
Term
Amphiarthroses
Definition
(cartilaginous joints) yielding, with hyaline or fibrocartilage disks - like in vertebrae
Term
Diarthroses
Definition
(synovial joints) freely movable with ligaments and cartilage
Term
Sutures
Definition
synarthroses - join most skull bones - can grow together as a synostosis
Term
Gomphosis
Definition
synarthrosis - tooth in a socket
Term
Syndesmosis
Definition
synarthrosis - ossicles in middle ear by interosseous ligaments
Term
How many bones in the adult skeleton? (total)
Definition
206
Term
How many bones in appendicular skeleton?
Definition
126 (56 phalanges)
Term
Pelvic girdle
Definition
where legs attach - some breathing muscles attach to the iliac crest at the top of the ilium
Term
Pectoral girdle
Definition
supports the superior or anterior appendages (arms) - clavicle & scapula
Term
Clavicle
Definition
collar bone
Term
Scapula
Definition
shoulder blade
Term
Acromion process (acriomioclavicular joint)
Definition
connects the shoulder to the clavicle
Term
Glenoid fossa
Definition
socket for the humerus
Term
How many bones in the axial skeleton?
Definition
80 (or more) - 8 cranial, 14 facial, 6 ossicles, 1 hyoid, 26 (or more) vertebrae, 24 ribs and 1 sternum
Term
Hyoid bone
Definition
anchors the tongue and supports the larynx
Term
Atlas
Definition
1st cervical vertebra
Term
Axis
Definition
2nd cervical vertebra
Term
How many cervical vertebrae?
Definition
7 - in the neck, no rib attachments
Term
How many thoracic vertebrae?
Definition
12 - ribs attach to these
Term
How many lumbar vertebrae?
Definition
5 - lower back, large to support a lot of weight
Term
Sacrum
Definition
formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae - connects to pelvic girdle at sacroiliac joint
Term
Coccyx
Definition
tailbone
Term
Spinous process
Definition
extends backward from vertebrae
Term
Transverse process
Definition
extends sideways from vertebrae
Term
Body
Definition
main round part of vertebra
Term
Vertebral foramen
Definition
tunnel through body which houses spinal cord
Term
Process
Definition
a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism
Term
Foramen
Definition
a natural opening or perforation through a bone
Term
Intervertebral foramen
Definition
space between vertebrae where spinal nerves enter and leave
Term
Thoracic and sacral curvatures are (primary/secondary)?
Definition
Primary - they don't change shape from birth
Term
Cervical and lumbar curvatures are (primary/secondary?)
Definition
Secondary - cervical develops when baby holds head up, lumbar develops when baby stands up
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
too much sideways curvature of the spine
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
humpback - too much curvature in the thoracic spine (mid-back)
Term
Lordosis
Definition
swayback - an abnormal inward (forward) curvature of the vertebral column
Term
How many pairs of ribs are true ribs?
Definition
7 - connect directly to sternum
Term
How many pairs of ribs are false ribs?
Definition
3 - cartilage connects to rib above it
Term
How many pairs of ribs are floating ribs?
Definition
2 - no connection to sternum, protect kidneys
Term
Sternum
Definition
the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs (breastbone)
Term
Manubrium
Definition
at top of sternum, forms sternoclavicular joint where first rib attaches
Term
Corpus
Definition
"body" of the sternum
Term
Xiphoid process
Definition
point at bottom of sternum where breathing muscles attach
Term
Costal notches
Definition
located in sternum for costal cartilage - 7 pairs
Term
How many bones of the skull?
Definition
29 total
Term
Cranial bones
Definition
in direct contact with the brain, joined by sutures (synarthroses)
Term
Frontal bone
Definition
includes the eye sockets - comes down to bridge of the nose and back to the coronal suture (was 2 separate bones until age 6)
Term
Parietal bones (2)
Definition
posterior to coronal suture, on top of head - separated by the saggital suture
Term
Occipital bone
Definition
in the back of the head, posterior to parietal bones - continues down to base of head to include the foramen magnum & process which articulate with the atlas
Term
Foramen magnum
Definition
the large opening at the base of the cranium through which the spinal cord passes
Term
Temporal bones (2)
Definition
lateral, below the parietals - separated from parietals by squamosal suture - has mastoid, styloid, zygomatic and tympanic processes
Term
Sphenoid bone
Definition
shaped liked a bat - forms the base of the cranium in the front - inferior to frontal bone
Term
Ethmoid bone
Definition
forms the back part of the nasal cavity - extends back into brain case - contains turbinates (conchae)
Term
Mastoid process
Definition
process of the temporal bone behind the ear at the base of the skull
Term
Styloid process
Definition
a pointed piece of bone that extends down from the human skull, just below the ear
Term
Zygomatic process
Definition
a slender process of the temporal bone that strengthens the zygomatic arch
Term
Tympanic process
Definition
forms the ridge which houses the inner ear
Term
Coronal suture
Definition
separates the frontal bone from the two parietals
Term
Saggital suture
Definition
separates the parietals from each other
Term
Lamboidal suture
Definition
separates the parietals from the occipital
Term
Squamousal sutures (2)
Definition
separate the parietals from the occipital
Term
Sinuses (4)
Definition
make the skull lighter - they are the resonating chambers for the voice
Term
Frontal sinuses
Definition
in frontal bone in vicinity of eyebrows
Term
Sphenoidal sinuses
Definition
vary in size from person to person
Term
Maxillary sinuses
Definition
drain sideways so are most likely to get infected and can cause a toothache since they are so close to the roots of upper molars
Term
Ethmoid sinuses
Definition
located behind the bridge of the nose, between the eyes
Term
Mandible
Definition
the lower jaw - articulation is at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) at the condylar process - has alveolar processes (tooth sockets)
Term
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Definition
the joint between the head of the lower jawbone and the temporal bone
Term
Condylar process
Definition
the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull
Term
Alveolar process
Definition
ridge that forms the borders of the upper and lower jaws and contains the sockets of the teeth
Term
Coronid process
Definition
in the mandible, in front of the condylar process - insertion for the temporalis muscle (a white muscle which can respond more quickly than red muscle and thus is used for rapid mouth closing)
Term
Ramus
Definition
makes the square of the jaw - the insertion for the masseter ad the medial pterygoid (masseter comes down outside and medial pterygoid comes down inside to insert at the lower ridge to pull up and close the mouth) - the condylar and coronid process are on the ramus
Term
Masseter
Definition
the strongest mouth closing muscle and originates at the temporal bone
Term
Zygomatic bones (2) (& zygomatic processes of the temporal bone and the maxilla)
Definition
cheekbones
Term
Maxilla
Definition
the upper jaw - has alveolar processes and palantine processes
Term
Palatine processes
Definition
shelves pushed upward by the growing tongue - form the front 2/3 of the hard palate - cleft palate results is the palantine processes fail to grow together
Term
Premaxillary segment
Definition
fuses separately from the palantine processes - the 4 front teeth are attached to alveloar processes in the premaxillary segment - if it fails to fuse with the palantine processes, cleft lip results
Term
Palatine bones (2)
Definition
have horizontal and vertical processes - behind the palatine processes of the maxillae - hoizontal process forms the back part of the hard palate - extends farther back in center where the velum attaches
Term
Hard palate
Definition
formed by the fusion of 4 bones (two palantine, two maxilla)
Term
Vomer
Definition
above the level of the palantine bones and forms the lower part of the nasal septum
Term
Inferior nasal concha
Definition
nothing but concha/turbinates (other conchae are ethmoid processes)
Term
Nasal bones (2)
Definition
form the bridge of the nose
Term
Nasal cavity
Definition
mainly formed by the vomer, the inferior nasal conchae, and the ethmoid bones
Term
Lacrimal bones (2)
Definition
form the inside corners of the eyes (where the tear ducts would be)
Term
Lacrimal duct
Definition
extends from the inside corner of the eye into the nasal cavity - moisture from the lacrimal gland drains into the nasal cavity through this duct
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