Term
Senses receptors:
specificity means what?
-what are the simplest receptors?
-complex receptors may only respond to what? |
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Definition
type of stimulus to which a receptor best responds
- free nerve endings are the simplest receptors; can use many different simuli
-complex receptors may only respond to 1 stimulus |
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Term
Receptive Field:
is what?
the larger the field... the what? |
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Definition
the area monitored by a single receptor
the larger the field... the less ability to discriminate |
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Term
Interpretation ?
what does sensory coding use? |
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Definition
| sensory coding uses variations in action potentials |
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Term
Adaptation:
2 subdivisons what do they mean?
P & C |
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Definition
1- Peripheral: using receptors that change response
- phasic receptors have this ability, tonic receptors do not
2- Central: uses inhibition long sensory pathways |
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Term
Basic Receptors:
Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Interoceptors |
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Definition
Exteroceptors: external environment (does that tickle)
Proprioceptors: body position (feedback about positions of limbs/body)
Interoceptors: internal environment
(how full is my stomach) |
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Term
Activating Stimulus:
Nociceptors
Fast pain vs. Slow pain
Reffered pain |
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Definition
Nociceptors: pain (like stepping on a tack); tells your body pain ranges (hot water vs. scorching)
Fast/Acute pain vs. Slow/Chronic pain
Fast/Acute: carried quickly--> wants response
-step on a tack GET OFF!
Slow/Chronic: not an immediate pain (throbbing muscle)
Reffered pain:pain in one area of the body is misread as in another part (nerves carrying pain from shoulder come in at same place as heart pain receptors--> they get mixed) |
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Term
Thermoceptors
Mechanoreceptors (3 kinds)
-Tactile receptors
-Baroreceptors
-Proprioceptors
Chemoreceptors |
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Definition
Thermoceptors: detect temp. (in esophagus)
Mechanoreceptors: cell membrane distortion;
-Tactile receptors: (skin) detect pressures, deep pressures, vibrations (bug walking on skin), around hair roots (can tell when wind blows hair)
-Baroreceptors: detect pressure in stomach, lungs (tell you when to stop inhaling), bladder, blood pressure
Chemoreceptors: detect chemicals (taste and smell done by these, brain regulates breathing by pH and CO2
-Proprioceptors |
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Term
| OLFACTION: LOOK @ NOTES IN CH. 18 PG 2 |
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Definition
| OLFACTION: LOOK @ NOTES IN CH. 18 PG 2 |
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Term
| Olfactory organs include: |
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Definition
receptors
Olfactory epithelium support cells
stem cells
Lamina Propria |
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Term
Gustation:
where are the receptors?
How do we taste? |
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Definition
on the surface of the tongue, also on pharynx and larynx
chemicals are mixed in saliva and they're carried around until the chemicals hit receptors |
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Term
Gustation: What are papillae?
What are the 3 types of them? |
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Definition
Epithelial projections w/ taste buds.
1-Filiform: feather like/slender
2-Fungiform: mushroom like
3-Circumvallate: large and round; large and located on back of your tongue |
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Term
Senastions from taste carried to where? (3 places)
via what? |
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Definition
medulla oblongata, thalamus, gustatory cortex
via CN7, CN9, CN10 |
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Term
primary tastes are what?
what else does our tongue have receptors to detect? |
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Definition
sweet, salty, sour, bitter and
umami: detection of peptides & glutamate (makes food taste delicious)
water: we have water receptors on our tongue that detects water |
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Term
| how is sound conducted? the pathway it takes... starts at your eardrum...which is known as?? |
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Definition
| tympanic membrane-->malleus-->incus-->stapes-->oval window-->vestibular duct-->tympanic duct-->round window |
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Term
VISION
what are palpebrae? what 2 glands do they contain?
where do they meet? |
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Definition
they're eyelids
-meibomian gland & sebaceous glands
they meet @ the medial and lateral canthus |
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Term
| what gives the eyelid shape and supports it? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The mucous membrane that lines the inside of the lid & surface of globe |
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Term
What is the almond sized gland in the eye that produces tears? where is it located?
So how do tears travel across your eye?
Why do you have to blow your nose when you cry? |
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Definition
The lacrimal gland
Its under the end of your eyebrows (laterally and superiorly in orbit)
Tears travel across the corners of your eyes (from later canthus to medial canthus)
Tears go into the lacrimal canals by the medial canthus and they flow down the nasolacrimal duct. |
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Term
The wall of the eye has three layers what are they called?
F, V, N |
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Definition
| Fibrous tunic, Vascular tunic, Neural tunic |
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Term
What are the 3 parts of the fibrous tunic?
Where are they?
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Definition
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Term
What is the sclera? What does it do for the eye?
Why is the cornea transparent? How does it get nutrients?
What is the limbus? What does it do? |
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Definition
Sclera: dense CT w/ collagen & elastin
- it gives shape to the eye; where eye muscles insert
Cornea: transparent because of arrangement of collagen fibers
-its avascular and gets nutrients thru tears
Limbus: junction between sclera and cornea
-support, muscle attachment and shape |
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Term
What is the second wall of the eye?
F, V, N
Vascular tunic does what functions:
What are its 3 parts? |
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Definition
Vascular Tunic
supply blood to back of the eye, regulates light, blood vessels here, secrete/ reabsorb aqeuous humor, control lens shape
Three parts:
Iris: has 2 layers of smooth muscle (pupillary dilators & pupillary constrictors), surrounds the pupil
Ciliary Body: starts @ limbus
-secretes aqueous humer, focuses lense changes shape of lens (constricts or relaxes--> "accomodation")
attachted to lens by suspensory ligaments
Choroid: layers in the wall of the globe; lies in the sclera on posterior side of eye
has tons of capilleries: delivers O2 and nutrients to retina
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Term
The lens:
1-for near sighted sight lens needs to be:
2- to see far away lends needs to be:
Ciliary muscle:
3- when it flexes the lens is more: and the ligaments have less...
4- when it relaxes the lens is more: and ligaments have more.. |
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Definition
1- rounded
2- flattened
3- rounded/ less tension
4- flattened/ more tension |
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Term
The innermost layer of wall of globe is called:::
F,V,N
this place has 2 layers:
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Definition
neural tunic: retina!
1- outer pigmented that absorbs light & 2- inner neural retina w/ photoreceptors
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Term
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Definition
1- outermost are visual receptors (photoreceptors)
with
rods (black and white) for low light
cones (color) for sharp vision; need more light
cones dominate in Macula Lutea with a pit called the Fovea
2- middle layers have bipolar cells
3- inner layer of ganglion cells whose axons from optic nerve
they converge @ a blind spot : "optic disc"
-coordinated by amacrine cells |
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Term
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Definition
posterior: has vitreous body: gel like substance
-btwn iris and lens
anterior: fluid called aqueuos humor
-btwn corne and iris |
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Term
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Definition
to focus
review part about lens on earlier notecard! :)
-being rounded, flattened, seeing far and near, where the tension is on ligaments, etc. |
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Term
neural pathways:
optic nerve from each eye meets where?
infrom from each eye is then...
Right visual field --> goes to which part of brain?
Left visual field --> goes to which part of brain?
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Definition
at the optic chiasm where 50% of fibers cross
integrated,
Right visual field --> goes to right brain
Left visual field --> goes to left brain
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