Term
1. air conduction
2. air filtration
3. gas exchange (respiration--O2 to blood; CO2 out of blood)
Other functions
4. speech (phonation)-air passing through larynx is used for speech
5. olfactory sensation- air passing over the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavities carries stimuli for sense of smell (olfactory sensation) |
|
Definition
| What are the three principle functions of the respiratory system and two other functions? |
|
|
Term
1. conducting division
2. respiratory division |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 FUNCTIONAL divisions of the respiratory system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this division of the respiratory system contains the nose (nasal cavity), pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles (including terminal bronchioles) |
|
|
Term
1. nasal cavity -->
2. nasopharynx -->
3. oropharynx (or can also come into the oral cavity into the oropharynx; i.e. breathing through your mouth) -->
4. laryngopharynx
5.larynx
6. trachea
7. paired main primary bronchi (enter lungs) -->
8. lots of branching... -->
9.bronchioles -->
10. lots of branching -->
11. terminal bronchioles |
|
Definition
| what is the order of the passage way of the conduction division (air passageways that lead to areas of respiration) of the respiratory system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what division of the respiratory system includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli? |
|
|
Term
1. respiratory bronchioles (first part of respiratory division) -->
2. alveolar ducts -->
3. alveolar sacs -->
4. alveoli |
|
Definition
| what is the order of the passageways of the respiratory division (where gas exchange-respiration-takes place) in the respiratory system? |
|
|
Term
1. airway
2. moistens and warms inspired air (membranes are wet and need wetness for conduction) (lateral aspects of nasal cavity is concha warms and moistens it) -->
3. filters inspired air--filter out debris
4. houses olfactory receptors -->
5. resonates sounds (modify speech; resonance refers to prolonging, amplifying, or modifying a sound by vibration) |
|
Definition
| what are the 5 functions of the nose (nostrils or external nares) |
|
|
Term
| begins superiorly at the internal nares (choanae), and connects the nasal cavity and oral cavity to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly |
|
Definition
| where does the pharynx begin and what does it all connect? |
|
|
Term
1. passageway for air and food
2. resonate sounds
3. houses tonsils (participate in immunological reactions) (lymphatic tissues) |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 functions of the pharynx? |
|
|
Term
1. nasopharynx (most superiorly)
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 parts of the pharynx? |
|
|
Term
1. nasopharynx (most superiorly)
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 parts of the pharynx? |
|
|
Term
1. air passageway only
2. superior to soft palate; when swallowing the soft palate and the uvula move superiorly to close off the nasopharynx |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 functions of the nasopharynx? |
|
|
Term
1. air and food passageway
2. posterior to oral cavity; between level of soft palate to the epiglottis
3. when you breath in through your mouth, air comes in through here |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 functions of the oropharynx? |
|
|
Term
1. air and food passageway
2. larygopharynx is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx; extends from an upright epiglottis to the larynx |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 functions of the laryngopharynx (most posterior)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects the laryngopharyn to the trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects the laryngopharyn to the trachea |
|
|
Term
1. airway
2. switching mechanism (to route air and food to proper passageways)
3. voice production-houses vocal cords |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 functions of the larynx? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the larynx includes 4 different cartilages, all of which are hyaline cartilage except for which one? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unpaired (only 1); biggest; contains the laryngeal prominence aka "Adam's Apple"; larger in males due to the impact of male sex hormones during puberty; anterior wall of larynx; hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unpaired; ring shaped; bigger/wider dorsally (posteriorly); narrow ventrally (anteriorly); inferior to thyroid cartilage; anchored to trachea inferiorly (think class ring); hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unpaired; during swallowing, the pharynx and larynx rise; the elevation of the larynx causes this to move down and close off the entrance into the larynx to prevent food stuff and liquids from entering the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what kind of cartilage is the epiglottis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired; small; pyramid shaped; located at the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage; attached to vocal folds (true vocal chords); hyaline cartilage--muscles attach here and when they contract or relax it moves this and changes tension on the vocal fold which change pitch of our voice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this cartilage of the larynx contains the vocal folds aka the true vocal chords |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this cartilage of the larynx contains the "Adam's Appple" aka the laryngeal prominence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is another name for adam's apple? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a short, flexible air tube that is about 10 cm long |
|
|
Term
1. airway
2. clean, warms, and moistens air |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 functions of the trachea? |
|
|
Term
| found anterior to the esophagus; connects the larynx to the primary bronchi (main bronchi); inferiorly the trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi (main bronchi) |
|
Definition
| what is the location of the trachea? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many incomplete, horizontal hyaline cartilages that resemble the letter "C" have on the trachea? |
|
|
Term
| posteriorly- when we swallow, we need to be able to open the esophagus more- we shouldn't be breathing and eating at the same time-so as we swallow, the esophagus expands anteriorly and it takes up space in the trachea |
|
Definition
| does the open part of the cartilage on the trachea (the "C") open anteriorly or posteriorly and why? |
|
|
Term
| to keep the trachea patent (open at all times) |
|
Definition
| why do we have the horizontal hyaline cartilages that resemble "C" on our trachea? |
|
|
Term
1. primary (main) bronchi (2) -->
2. secondary (lobar) bronchi -->
3. tertiary (segmental) bronchi -->
4. lots of branching -->
5. Bronchioles (1 mm or less in diameter)-->
6. lots of branching -->
7. terminal bronchioles |
|
Definition
| what is the order of the 7 remaining parts of the conduction vision on from the primary bronchi? |
|
|
Term
| the amount of cartilage decreases (we want exchange through the walls) and the amount of smooth muscle increases (circular pattern around in wall of passageways-therefore if cells contract they will constrict the passageway and close it down--relaxing dilates it) |
|
Definition
| what happens when conducting passageways branch and their diameter become smaller? |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| does the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system dilate the airways (smooth muscles) which would improve lung ventiliation? |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| does the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system constrict the smooth muscle? |
|
|
Term
| the right main bronchus- so objects are more likely to get aspirated into the right than into the left |
|
Definition
| is the right or left primary (main) bronchi shorter and why? |
|
|
Term
| lobar (secondary) bronchi |
|
Definition
| this type of bronchi supplies and enters a lobe of the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many lobar bronchi are in the left lung? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many lobar bronchi are in the right lung? |
|
|
Term
| segmental (tertiary) bronchi |
|
Definition
| what bronchi comes after the secondary (lobar) bronchi? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this type of bronchi supplies/enters a bronchopulmonary segment of the lung; the left lung has 8-10 bronchopulmonary segments and ,thus, as much of this type of bronchi. the right lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments and thus 10 of this type of bronchi; each bronchopulmonary segment has its own blood supply and connective tissue septa; this make it convenient for surgical resection of a segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many segmental (tertiary) bronchi are in the left lung? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many segmental (tertiary) bronchi are in the right lung? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1mm or less in diameter; no cartilage in walls (no hyaline cartilage; however a lot of smooth muscle present in these walls to open it up or restrict air flow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest bronchiole that is part of the conduction division (no respiration taking place here); they lead to the respiratory bronchioles (exchange for respiration happens here) |
|
|
Term
| 1. respiratory bronchioles-->alveolar ducts-->alveolar sacs-->alveoli (exchange can take place in any of these four places) (respiratory muscles do not have smooth muscle) |
|
Definition
| from the terminal branches in the conduction division, what is the order of the respiratory division? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| true or false: the respiratory muscles are smooth muscles |
|
|
Term
true; capillaries-need very thin wall
in the wall we have the cells that make up the wall of the capillary (endothelium), also have the very thin wall of our passageway-alveolis- part of respiratory division of the respiratory system (one to two cells thick)--very little membrane for diffusion to take place |
|
Definition
| true or false: the respiratory membrane is very thin in order for diffusion to take place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left lung is what percentage smaller than the right lung because of the space occupied by the heart? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left lung is what percentage smaller than the right lung because of the space occupied by the heart? |
|
|
Term
| left- the diaphragm is higher on the right side than it is on the left because the liver is taking up a lot of space inferior to the diaphragm on the right side |
|
Definition
| what lung is taller and why? |
|
|
Term
| anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly |
|
Definition
| what sides of the lungs lie against the ribs? |
|
|
Term
| lies superiorly to the medial 1/3 of the clavicles |
|
Definition
| where does the apex of the lungs lie? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where does the base wide part of the lungs lie against? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where does the base wide part of the lungs lie against? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what shape is said the lungs look like? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the surface of the lung as well as the lining of the cavity? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the outside membrane of the lung? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the membrane on the wall of the pleural cavity |
|
|
Term
| Root of the lung at the hilum or hilus |
|
Definition
| where structures like air passageaways (main bronchi), blood passageways, nerves, and lymphatics enter and exit; where we see visceral pleural become parietal pleura or vice versa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are the pulmonary areries and veins apart of the pulmonary circuit or the systemic circuit? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are the bronchial arteries and veins apart of the pulmonary circuit or the systemic circuit? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which lung has the cardiac notch--found on the medial side of this lung-where the heart lies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many fissures does the right lung have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many fissures does the left lung have? |
|
|
Term
| superior and inferior lobe |
|
Definition
| what are the left lungs lobes called? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this lung contains the horizontal fissure |
|
|
Term
| superior, middle, and inferior lobes |
|
Definition
| what are the lobes of the right lung called? |
|
|
Term
| air moves in areas from higher pressure to lower pressure; lungs open up which will allow pressure to drop which will allow air to flow in |
|
Definition
| how do we expand our lungs? |
|
|
Term
| diaphragm and external intercostal m. |
|
Definition
| what are the main muscles that help us expand our lungs? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what nerve innervates the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| cervical levels 3, 4, and 5 (C 3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive) |
|
Definition
| what levels on the spinal cord does the phrenic nerve originate from? |
|
|
Term
| the diaphragm flattens and lowers increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity |
|
Definition
| what happens when the diaphragm contracts? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diaphragm is responsible for what percentage of air entering the lungs during normal quiet breathing? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what kind of muscle makes up the external surface of the diaphragm? |
|
|
Term
| central tendon of the diaphragm |
|
Definition
| what is the tendon that is located centrally in the diaphragm? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diaphragm is convex dorsally or superiorly? |
|
|
Term
| originates off the xiphoid process of the sternum and the lower 6 pairs of the ribs and off the upper two lumbar vertebrae then these muscle fibers attach to the central tendon |
|
Definition
| where does the diaphragm originate and insert? |
|
|
Term
| pulls ribs up and out (elevate the ribs which esults in an increase in anteroposterior and lateral diameters of the chest cavity |
|
Definition
| what is the action of the external intercostal muscle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the external intercostal muscle is responsible for what percentage of the air entering the lungs during normal quiet breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an accessory inspiration muscle that is used to increase inhilation during working out |
|
|
Term
| the wall of the abdomen extends from the ribs inferiorly to the iliac crests laterally and the inguinal ligaments anteriorly |
|
Definition
| where does the abdomen extend inferiorly, laterally, and anteriorly |
|
|
Term
1. rectus abdominis m.
2. external abdominal oblique m.
3. internal abdominal oblique m.
4. transverse abdominis m. |
|
Definition
| what are the four important paired muscles of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| runs from superior to inferior in vertical position; therefore when they contract, it causes flexion of the trunk (allows us to bow); tendinous intersections creates the six pack effect (it holds down fibers of this muscle) |
|
|
Term
| external abdominal oblique muscle |
|
Definition
| this muscle is found laterally; most superficial; fibers run inferiomedially |
|
|
Term
| internal abdominal oblique muscle |
|
Definition
| this muscle is found laterally; fibers run inferiolaterally (90 degrees direction of the other oblique muscle) |
|
|
Term
| transverse abdominis muscle |
|
Definition
| the deepest muscle of the abdominal wall; found laterally and runs horizontally |
|
|
Term
| transverse abdominis muscle |
|
Definition
| the deepest muscle of the abdominal wall; found laterally and runs horizontally |
|
|
Term
| external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, and transverse abdominis muscles |
|
Definition
| these three muscles all end in apoeurosis (a flat broad tendon)--the aponeurosis blend together which is known as the rectus sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the external and internal abdominal oblique muscles and the transverse abdominis muscle all combine to make an aponeurosis called this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the external and internal abdominal oblique muscles and the transverse abdominis muscle all combine to make an aponeurosis called this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we find this muscle right in between the anterior and posterior rectus sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we find this muscle right in between the anterior and posterior rectus sheath |
|
|
Term
1. external surfaces of the ribs
2. the thoracolumbar fascia (aponeurosis on back)
3. the iliac crest
4. linea alba (along the midline that combines the left and right sides--running from the xiphoid process down to the pubic symphyses--white line) |
|
Definition
| what are the general attachments for the abdominal muscles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is along the midline that connects the left and right side in the middle; runs from xiphoid process down to the pubic symphyses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what nerves innervate the abdominal muscles? |
|
|
Term
1. protect and support the viscera
2. compress the abdominal viscera to aid in forced expiration, defecation, urination, vomiting, and childbirth
3. aid in lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 general functions of the abdominal muscles? |
|
|
Term
| the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle |
|
Definition
| where does the inguinal ligament run from and to? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inferior free border of the external oblique aponeurosis folds back on itself to form this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an oblique passageway through the inferior part of the anterior abdominal wall; about 4cm in length in adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| runs inferiormedially, just superior and parallel to the medial half of the inguinal ligament and runs from the outside of the abdominal wall into the abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this contains the spermatic cord in mles and the round ligament of the uterus in females |
|
|
Term
| superficial inguinal ring |
|
Definition
| this is located superior to the medial end of the inguinal ligament; it is an opening from the inguinal canal into the abdominal fascia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is located superior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament; it is the opening from the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protrusion of a structure or organ form a cavity in which it normally belongs |
|
|
Term
| deep inguinal ring or superficial inguinal ring |
|
Definition
| herniations occurs in these two rings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the transverse abdominis muscle found superficial or deep to the internal abdominal oblique muscle? |
|
|
