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The pelvis and perineum
The pelvis and perineum
57
Anatomy
Not Applicable
03/19/2013

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Term
The Pelvic Girdle
Definition

Comprised of 4 bones: Two hip bones, the sacrum,and the  coccyx.

 

Term
Sacroiliac joints
Definition

Located between the articulating surfaces of the sacrum and each of the two attaching ilium bones; serve to interlock these three bones.  These weight-bearing synovial joints move together and are therefore known as bicondylar joints.   

Term
Pubic Symphysis
Definition
Located where the superior rami of the left and right pubic bones meet.  Unlike the sacroiliac joints, this joint is non-synovial, and is made of a fibrocartilage disk that is more flexible, especially in females, when childbirth requires expansion of the pelvic inlet through which the fetus will pass.  
Term
Acetabulum
Definition
The fusion of the three components of the hip bones form a large, bowl-shaped structure known as the ______located near the middle of the outer surface of the hip bones
Term
Iliac Crest
Definition
Locatedon the superior edge of the Ilium, (which is the origin of the iliacus muscle)
Term
Ischial Spine
Definition

Prominent structure protruding from the ischium posteriorly.

Term
Ischial tuberosities
Definition

A rounded prominence that extends outwards from the ischium, just inferior to the ischial spine (when we sit our weight is resting on this).

Term
Obturator Foramen
Definition
The opening formed by the union between the pubis and ischium, just inferior to the acetabulum
Term
Greater Sciatic Notch
Definition

Found just superior to the ischial spine, is a key feature that is converted into a foramen  (opening) by the sacrospinous ligament.

Term
Lesser Sciatic notch
Definition
Immediately below the ischial spine 
Term
Sacrospinous ligament
Definition

Extends from the medial side of the sacrum, crossing over to the ischial spine.

Term
Sacrotuberous Ligament
Definition

Travels from the posterior/dorsal sacrum to attach to the ischial tuberosity.

Term
Sacrotuberous Ligament and Sacrospinous Ligament
Definition
These two ligaments convert the greater and lesser sciatic notches into distinct foramina
Term
The piriformis muscle
Definition

Originates on the anterior surface of the sacrum, passing through the greater sciatic foramen to attach to the greater trochanter of the femur and fills the space of the greater sciatic foramen.

Term
Obturator internus muscle
Definition

Attaches to the bony parameter of the obturator foramen and moves toward the lesser sciatic foramen, and attaches along with the piriformis to the greater trochanter of the femur.

Term
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Definition

Levator Ani muscles :

Puborectalis 

Pubococcygeus 

Iliococcygeus 

Coccygeus 

Term
Muscles of the lateral wall
Definition

Piriformis and Obturator internus muscles 

 

Term
Rectal Ampulla
Definition
Fecal storage site formed by the dilation of the rectum
Term
Anal Canal
Definition
Name for the rectum once it has pierced the pelvic floor
Term
Names of the folds in the rectal wall
Definition
Series of muscluar folds in the rectal wall:
superior transverse fold
 middle transverse fold, and the inferior transverse rectal fold.  
Term
Puborectalis Muscle
Definition

During relaxation of this muscle, the angle between the rectum and the anal canal is reduced.  This angle reduction combined with the relaxation of the internal and external sphincters  allows for defecation to occur.  

Term
Internal anal sphincter
Definition

Muscular ring that surrounds the anal canal.  It is formed from the circular smooth muscle that composes the wall of the rectum, therefore the action of this sphincter is completely involuntary.

Term
External Anal Sphincter
Definition

A flat elliptical plane of muscular fibers that are intimately associated with the integument surrounding margins of the anus.  It is formed from skeletal muscle fibers of the levatoranias the rectum passes through the pelvic floor, and is therefore under voluntary control.  It keeps the anal canal closed, and helps fix the central point of the peritoneum.

Term
Levator Ani Muscles
Definition

Are suspended  from the thick connective tissue of the obturatorinternus, also known as  the tendinousarch of obturatorinternus.

Term
Location of the bladder in Males
Definition

The base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis.  It is superior to the prostate.  

Term
Location of the bladder in females
Definition

The bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina.  Due to it’s position, the maximum capacity of the female bladder is lower than in males.  

Term
The urinary bladder
Definition

A hollow, muscular organ, with highly elastic properties, and it sits on the pelvic floor.  

Term
Urethral orifices
Definition

Urine enters the bladder from the ureters through these, and is then excreted through the urethra.   

Term
Trigone of the bladder
Definition
The smooth triangular region found on the internal bladder wall.  This area is highly sensitize to stretching when the bladder reaches full capacity, and once stretched it signals the brain to begin urination.  The triangular shape of the trigone is formed by the two ureteral orifices and the point of transition where the urethra exits the bladder through the internal urethral orifice
Term
Which sex has the higher urine capacity in the bladder?
Definition

Due the location of the uterus and the pressure it exerts downward on the bladder, the maximum capacity of the female bladder is less than that of males.

Term
Urethra
Definition
a tube that connects the urinary bladder to outside the body.  
(much shorter in females; much more suceptable to UTI's) 
Term
The female urethra
Definition

Shorter than in males and is approximately 4-5 cm long.  Located just behind the pubic symphysis, it is embedded in the anterior wall of the vagina as it travels obliquely downward.

Term
The pelvic floor
Definition

This muscular diaphragm forms a partition that both separates the pelvic cavity from the perineal region just below, and supports the rectum, prostate and urethra in males, and the urethra and vagina in females.

 
Term
Describe the pelvic floor
Definition

The posterior portion of the pelvic floor is comprised of the coccygeus muscle, which arises from the ischial spine and inserts into the lower sacrum just superior to the sacrospinous ligament.

 

The anterior portion of the pelvic floor is formed by the levatorani, which is a broad, thin muscle that fills the majority of the pelvic outlet The structural integrity of the pelvic floor is primarily attributed to these muscles.  The levatorani is anatomically divided into 3 parts: the iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, and puborectalismuscles, all of which are suspended  from the thick connective tissue of the obturatorinternus, also known as  the tendinousarch of obturatorinternus.

Term
Vas deferens
Definition
 long muscular tubes that function in transporting sperm from the testes in anticipation of ejaculation.  
Term
Seminal Vesicles
Definition
Posterior to the bladder and inferior to the vas deferens.  Prior to ejaculation, sperm traveling through this joins with fluids from the seminal vesicles when both are deposited in the prostatic urethra.  
Term
Divisions of the urethra in males
Definition

Three parts, the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra. 

Term
Prostatic Urethra
Definition
portion of the male urethra that is encased in the prostate gland
Term
Membranous urethra
Definition

Immediately after exiting the prostate that surrounds it, the short portion of the urethra between the inferior prostate and  the beginning of the corpus spongiosum 

Term
Spongy Urethra
Definition

the last portion of the male urethra found encased within the corpus spongiosum of the penis.  The male urethra ends at the external urethral orifice found at the end of the penis.

Term
Broad Ligament in Women
Definition
a wide fold of peritoneum that connects the lateral sides of the uterus to the abdominal wall and the floor of the pelvis
Term
Portions of the Broad Ligament in women
Definition

It has anterior and posterior portions.  The mesometriumis the largest portion of the broad ligament thatis found on the body of the uterus . The mesosalpinxis  the portion of the broach ligament associated with the uterine tubes.  The mesovariumis a small portion of the broad ligament, that attaches to the undersurface of the ovaries only. 

Term
Ovaries
Definition

Pair of egg-producing organs found in the female pelvis, located in the lateral wall of the pelvis.  

Term
Ovarian Ligaments
Definition
Attaching the ovaries to the uterus are a pair of fibrous ligaments known as____
Term
Suspensory Ligaments
Definition

found on the opposite pole of the ovary from the ovarian ligament.  Its function is to attach the ovary to the pelvic wall, and carries within it the ovarian artery and vein.

Term
Picture of the Ligaments of the Ovaries
Definition
Term
Uterine Tubes
Definition
serve as passageways for eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization also occurs in these tubes. Lined with ciliated epithelium, the tubes are situated just superior to each ovary
Term
Infundibulum
Definition
The opening at the lateral end of each tube is known as the _____, which is composed of mobile fimbriae that “sweep” the eggs inward once they are released from the ovary.
Term
Other parts of the uterine tube
Definition
From here, the uterine tubes are composed of an ampulla and an isthmus region prior to their connection with the uterus at the utero-tubular junction.
Term
Uterus
Definition
Located within the pelvic cavity immediately dorsal to the urinary bladder and ventral to the rectum, and is roughly pear-shaped.
Term
Cervix
Definition
junction between the uterus and the vagina, and has both a uterine portion and a vaginal portion (where it protrudes through the anterior vaginal wall).
Term
External os
Definition
allows for fluids to move in either direction between the vagina and uterus. A mucous plug is normally found in the cervix; however during ovulation this mucous thins out so that sperm can more easily travel up through the uterus and to the uterine tubes where fertilization occurs.
Term
Internal Os
Definition
narrowing of the uterine cavity.
Term
Perineum
Definition
term that refers to the general surface region of the male and female pelvis which includes the perineal membrane and structures associated with it.
Term
The perineum
Definition
Confined to the area bounded by the pubic symphysis anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally. It is located between the lower limbs just below the pelvic diaphragm.

As we will soon discover, this region is roughly triangular and it is associated with the anus as well as the male and female external genitalia.
Term
The perineum
Definition
the point of attachment of both the male and female external genital structures
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