Term
| List the General functions of the nervous system |
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Definition
1. monitor changes in/out of body
2. integration
3. motor output |
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Definition
| processing and interpreting of sensory input, then deciding a response |
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Definition
| gathered information from monitoring stimuli |
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Definition
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Definition
| response involving activation of muscles or glands |
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Term
Central Nervous System
(CNS) |
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Definition
| brain and spinal cord, occupying the dorsal body cavity, and acting at the integrating/command centers |
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Term
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS) |
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Definition
| outside of CNS, mainly spinal and cranial nerves |
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Term
| snesory/afferent division |
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Definition
| convay impulses to the CNS |
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Definition
| deliver impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints |
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Definition
| transmits impulses from visceral organs |
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Definition
| carry impulses from CNS to effector organs, muscles, and glands. |
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Term
Somatic Nervous System
(SNS) |
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Definition
| Division of the motor/efferent nerves: allows concious or voluntary movement of skeletal muscles. |
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Term
Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS) |
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Definition
division of motor/efferent nerves:
regulates events that are involuntary, like smooth/cardiac muscles and glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| many types of "supporting cells" found in the CNS that support, insulate, and protect neurons. |
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Definition
-form barrier&exchange b/w neuron and cappilaries
-protet neuron from harmful substances in blood
-control chemical environment in brain by picking up excess ions & released neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria |
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Definition
line cavities of brain and spinal cord
-cilia helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid |
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Definition
wrap flat extentions tightly around nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating coverings (myelin sheaths)
CNS ONLY |
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Definition
| neuroglia that form myelin sheaths for neurons in the PNS |
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Definition
| Protective, cushoning cells (neuroglia) |
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Definition
-Metabolic center of neuron
-containing usual organelles except for centrioles
-rough ER is called Nissl substance, is abundant, and keeps cell's shape. |
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Definition
| pick up nerve impulse and conduct the impulse toward the cell body |
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Definition
| a slight brain injury, resulting in dizziness, of brief loss of consciousness, but no permanent damage. |
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Definition
(arises from the axon billock)
generate nerve impulse away from cell body |
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Definition
| contain vessicles storing neurotransmitters which are released when stimulated by an impulse |
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Definition
| gap between axon terminal and the next neuron. |
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Definition
-waxy appearance
-procects and insulates fibers
-increases transmission rate of nerve impulses |
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Definition
| cytoplasm of the schwann cell, resting outside the myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| gaps/indentations between schwann cells on axon |
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Term
| what happens to neurons of people with Multiple Sclerosis |
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Definition
| myelin sheath is destroyed, short-circuting the nerve current and the person loses their ability to control muscles |
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Definition
| clusters of cell bodies in the CNS |
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Definition
| clusters of cell bodies in the PNS |
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Definition
| bundles of nerve fibers running through the CNS |
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Definition
| bundles of nerve fibers running through the PNS |
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Definition
| dense collections of myelinated fibers (tracts) |
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Definition
| dense collections of unmyelinated fibers |
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Definition
| simple type of sensory recptor seen in the skin |
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Definition
simple sensory receptors seen in the muscles and tendons
-detect stretch/tension and maintain balance/posture |
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Definition
Bare dendrite endings
-lease specialized of cutaneous receptors, also most numerous |
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Term
| association/interneurons neurons |
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Definition
connect motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways
(cell bodies located in CNS) |
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Definition
multiple processes extend from cell body
(most common - all motor and association) |
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Definition
-First appearance of the CNS
-extends down dorsal median plane of developing embryo |
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Definition
have two processes from cell body: axon and dendrite
(act as sensory receptor cells in eyes and ears - rare in adults) |
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Definition
Single process emerging from cell body -short and divides into proximal and distal fibers.
(sensory neurons in PNS ganglia) |
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Term
| 2 major functional properties of neurons |
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Definition
1. irritability
2. conductivity |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse |
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Definition
| ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, and glands. |
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Term
| plasma membrane of a resting neuron |
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Definition
| polarized, with K+ ions inside and Na+ ions outside |
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Term
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Definition
| the inside of the neuron is more positively charged than the outside |
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Definition
| nerve impulse is either propogated over the entire axo, or it doesn't occur at all. |
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Term
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Definition
restoration of electrical conditions to a neurons resting state.
(until repolarization occurs, another impulse cannot be conducted) |
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Term
| what factors hinder impulse conduction? |
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Definition
| cold, and continuous pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
rapid, predictable, and involuntary responces to stimuli.
(occur over reflex arcs) |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate activity of smooth muscle, the heart, and glands. monitor digestion, blood pressure, and sweating. |
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Definition
| all reflexes that stimulate skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
1. sensory receptor
2. afferent neurons
3. integration center
4. effector neurons
5. effector organ |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated ridges of tissue on the cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| shallow grooves separating gyri |
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Definition
| deep grooves separating large regions of the brain |
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Definition
| deep groove separating the cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| responsible for speech, memory, logical and emotional response, consciousness, interpretation, and voluntary movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| located in parietal lobe, posterior to the central sulcus. interprets impulses from snsory receptors |
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Definition
| interprets visual impulses |
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Definition
| interprets auditory stimulus, contains olfactory area |
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Definition
allows us to conciously move skeletal muscles
(anterior to the central sulcus) |
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Definition
| specializes in the ability to speak |
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Definition
| connects cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| sits above the brain stem, composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. |
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Definition
| a relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
floor of diencephalon. regulates temperature, water balance, and metabolism. regulates pituitary gland.
(center of drives and emotions in limbic system) |
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Term
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Definition
| reflex centers involved in olfaction (sense of smell). bulge from floor of hypothalamus posterior to the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| forms the roof of the third ventricle. composed of pineal body, and choroid plexus |
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Term
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Definition
knots of capillaries within each ventricle
(forms cerebrospinal fluid) |
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Definition
| composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
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Definition
| tiny canal traveling through the midbrain connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles |
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Definition
| convey ascending and descending impulses |
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Definition
| reflex centers involved with vision and hearing |
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Definition
rounded structures protruding below midbrain
(controls breathing) |
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Definition
| merges into spinal cord, regulates vital activities like heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swollowing, and vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in motor control of cisceral organs. |
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Term
reticular activating system
(RAS) |
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Definition
| part of reticular formation, plays a role in the sleep/wake cycle. damage could result in a coma |
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Definition
| controls muscle movements, balance, and posture |
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Term
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Definition
| three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures |
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Term
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Definition
leathery, double-layered membrane where is surrounds the brain. -outermost layer bonds with skull to form periosteum.
-innermost forms meningeal layer and dura mater of spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| weblike middle meningeal layer. attatches to inermost membrane, pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| clings to surface of brain and spinal cord |
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Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid
(CSF) |
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Definition
-continually formed from blood by the choronoid plexus
-watery cushion that protects nervous tissue from blows and trauma
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Term
| how is CSF different from blood plasma? |
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Definition
| it contains less protein, more vitamin C, and its ion composition is different. |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of the least permeable capillaries, allowing only water, glucose, and essential amino acids to pass into the brain. |
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Term
cerebrovascular accidents
(CVAs) |
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Definition
| commonly called strokes, blood circulation to the brain is blocked by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, causeing vital brain tissue to die. |
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Term
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Definition
| result of marked tissue destruction. depending on the location of damage, the individual may remain concious, or go into a coma lasting from hours to a lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| swelling of the brain due to inflammatory response to injury |
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Term
Transient Ischemic Attack
(TIA) |
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Definition
| an incomplete stroke, lasting from 5 to 50 minutes, characterized by numbness, temporary paralysis, and impaired speech. |
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Term
| how many pairs of spinal nerves exist? |
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Definition
31:
C8, T12, L5, S5, and S1 |
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Term
| gray matter of the spinal cord |
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Definition
looks like a butterfly, or the letter H.
2 posterior projections are the dorsal horns, 2 anterior projections are the ventral horns. gray matter surrounds central canal which contains CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds a single neuron in a nerve |
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Term
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Definition
nerves carrying both sensory fibers and motor fibers.
(all spinal nerves) |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 pairs, most extending to the head and neck, and one pair extending to the abdominal cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
"fight-or-flight" system, causes increase in heart rate, rapid breathing, sweaty skin, etc.
(works by epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
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Term
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Definition
| "resting and digesting" system, promoting normal digestion and elimination of waste. |
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