Term
| A nerve impulse depends on two things? |
|
Definition
1. The presence or absence of the melin sheath.
2. The diameter of the axon. |
|
|
Term
| The ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord are lined by what cellular layer? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What fluid can be found in the epindyma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are cuboidal and columnar and have a slender process. They care in the center of the central canal surronded by gilla cells in neural tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are neuron cell bodies clustered together in masses. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between meylinated and unmelinated axon? |
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Definition
| A meylinated axon has a meylin covering that insulates it and makes it more effective, and they conduct impulses faster. Both are covered by schwann cells. |
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|
Term
| What is the covering of a peripheral axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between meylinated and unmelinated axon? |
|
Definition
| A meylinated axon has a meylin covering that insulates it and makes it more effective, and they conduct impulses faster. Both are covered by schwann cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the covering of a peripheral axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three functions of the spinal cord and spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
1. Spinal cord reflexes.
2. Intergration Nerve Impulses
3. Highway of up-down travel of sensory and motor info. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the external anatomy of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| A flattened cylinder 18 long 3/4 diameter |
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinal cord begin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the spinal cord located? |
|
Definition
| In the vertebral column with in the vertebral canal. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinal cord end in adults as opposed to newborns? |
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Definition
| In adults its at L2 and in newborns its at L4 |
|
|
Term
| What are the thread like connections of the pia mater that stabilize the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Filum Terminale S2/S3 of vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Claude Equine (the dorsal and ventral roots of the lowest spinal nerves) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a sulcus and a fissure? |
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Definition
| A fissure is a lot bigger |
|
|
Term
| What are the cell bodies of the sensory nerves called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms to make the spinal nerve? |
|
Definition
| The dorsal and ventral root |
|
|
Term
| What are the three meninges of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
1 Epineurium
2 perineurium
3 Endoenurium |
|
|
Term
| What is inside the epidural space in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Flat and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the spinal tap? |
|
Definition
| Sampling CSF for diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the grey matter in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| neuron cell bodies and unmeylinated axons |
|
|
Term
| What nerves keep your diagram alive? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to this will cause respiratory arrest |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What areas of the body does the brachial plexus supply? |
|
Definition
| Shoulder and upper limbs. |
|
|
Term
| Kathy has carpal tunnel syndrome. What nerve is being pinched? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Eugene hits his funny bone; which nerve was hit in this situation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Injury to this nerve causes inability to to extend the leg and results in a loss of sensation in the thigh? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Injury to this nerve causes paralysis in the thigh adductors? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This nerve supplies post thigh and all below the knee. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This plexus supplies the buttocks, perineum, and part of the lower limbs. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies the skin to the face? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five components of the reflex arc? |
|
Definition
1. Receptor
2 Sensory neuron
3 Intergrating center
4 Motor neuron
5 Effector |
|
|
Term
| What is the point of checking someones reflexes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Babinski sign and what is associated with it? |
|
Definition
| Abnormal responses of children under 18 months- upward fanning of the toes due to incomplete myelination in child. In adults this is a sign of CNS injury. |
|
|
Term
| Is the innermost meningeal layer. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Pia Mater attach to? |
|
Definition
| Pia Mater attaches to the dura mater by the denticulate ligaments through the arachnoid mater. |
|
|
Term
| Where are there more nerves found? |
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Definition
| More nerves in the arm causes the spinal cord to be larger there. |
|
|
Term
| Is the cone shaped end of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do spinal nerves begin as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things join to make the spinal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal Root and Ventral Root |
|
|
Term
| Is the dorsal root a sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more superficial sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
| sensory is superficial will get hit first in an accident. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Dorsal Root Ganglion? |
|
Definition
| It contains the cell bodies of the afferent spinal nerves. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the dorsal root ganglion located? |
|
Definition
| Along the vertebral column of the spine. |
|
|
Term
| Is in the spinal cord and is a spider web of collagen fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Goes from the Forman Magnum to S2. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| These chemicals are released from endocrine cells, and they alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs at once. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes all the endocrine cells and tissues of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the four groups of hormones? |
|
Definition
1. Amino Acid derivatives
2.Peptide Hormones
3.Steroids
4. Eiosanoids |
|
|
Term
| Hormones exert there effects by modifying what? |
|
Definition
| Target Cells (cells that are sensitive to a particular hormone) |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine activity can be controlled by what three things? |
|
Definition
1. neural activity
2. positive feedback (rare)
3. complex negative feedback mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
| Name three ways the hypothalamus regulates the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
1 controls the output of supernal medulla, an endocrine component of ANS.
2 Produces two hormone ADH and oxytocin.
3 Controls the activity of the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) thru the production of regulatory hormones. |
|
|
Term
| Is the most compact chemical factory in the body, and releases nine important peptide hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains axons of the same hypothalamic neurons. Is also called the Pituitary Gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nurons within the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleic manufacture? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This decreases the amount of water lost at the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is released in response to rise in the concentration of electrolytes in the blood or a fall in blood volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In women it stimulates smooth muscle cells in the uterus and contractile cells in the mammary glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the three parts of the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) |
|
Definition
large pars distalis
slender pars intermedia
pars tuberalis |
|
|
Term
| This is highly vascualarized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are regulated by hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produces releasing hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulates milk production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulates estrogen secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viscous fluid with stored hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone targets the thyroid gland and triggers the release of thyroid hormone is? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell? |
|
Definition
| a second messenger appears in the cytoplasum |
|
|
Term
| Blood vessels that supply or drain the thyroid gland include which of the following? |
|
Definition
superior thyroid artery
inferior thyroid artery
superior, inferior, and middle thyroid veins |
|
|
Term
| How does aging affect the function of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
| Endocrine function of the reproductive system is the most effected by increasing age. |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine organs can be controlled by? |
|
Definition
hormones from other endocrine glands
direct neural stimulation
changes in the composition of extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| Reduced fluid losses in urine due to retention of sodium ions and water are a result of the action of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When blood glucose levels fall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones released by the kidneys include? |
|
Definition
| calcitriol and erythropoietin |
|
|
Term
| The element required for normal thyroid function is? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A structure known as corpus luteum secretes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system releases hormones into the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the Endocrine and Nervous System? |
|
Definition
Endocrine results may take hrs but last longer.
Nervous results in sec but is over faster. |
|
|
Term
| Name three general functions of hormones? |
|
Definition
1. Help regulate; metabolisum, biological clock, glandular secretion, some immune functions, contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle.
2. Growth and development
3. Reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What are some differences between endocrine and exocrine glands? |
|
Definition
Endocrine-Don't have ducts, secretes into the bloodstream.
Exocrine-Have ducts that empty into body cavities, lumen of an organ, or body surfuce. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of some exocrine and endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
Exocrine-sweat, oil, mucous, digestive glands.
Endocrine-Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal. |
|
|
Term
| T or F Hormones that are prevented from interacting with its receptors can perform its normal functions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What synthetic hormone is used to induce abortion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The air conditioner in a house cools the room to 67 degrees and then turns off. The room starts to get hot and the air conditioner turns on again until the room hits 67 degrees, and then turns off again. What is this an example of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which side of the Pituitary Gland does the hypothalamus have control over? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two master endocrine glands. Why are they considered master glands? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus, pituitary gland because they have control over other endocrine glands. |
|
|
Term
| What area of the pituitary gland releases oxytocin and ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the pituitary lobe located? |
|
Definition
| In the sella turcia of the sphenoid bone. |
|
|
Term
| What is the hypophyseal Portal System? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic hormones reach the anterier pituitary gland thru it, 2 capillary networks that do not pass thru the heart. |
|
|
Term
| T or F The posterier pituitary gland synthesizes hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will happen if there is a lack of Human Growth Hormone? |
|
Definition
| small sized baby, little people. |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates the metabolic rate? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Initiates the formation of follicle cells to secrete estrogen, stimulate sperm production in testes. |
|
|
Term
| T or F FSH stimulates overian secretion of progesterine and ovulation? |
|
Definition
| Luteinizing Hormone LH does this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates cell of the adrenal cortex that produce glutocorticoids (these effect glucose metabolisum) |
|
|
Term
| What is the synthetic version of oxytocin that is administered to stimulate uterine contractions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F Diuretic hormone decreases urine production, decreases sweating, and increases BP? |
|
Definition
| False, Antiduretic Hormone ADH does this. |
|
|
Term
| What do thyroid follicles do? |
|
Definition
| Manufacture, store, and secrete thyroid hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for building of bone and stops reabsortion of bone (lowers blood calcium levels) |
|
|
Term
| What does the parthyroid hormone do? |
|
Definition
| Raises blood calcium levels (opposite function of calcitonin) by increasing activity of osteoblasts reobsorption of Ca+2 by kidney. |
|
|
Term
| What does the thymus gland produce and what does that thing do? |
|
Definition
| Thymosin-Important in development and maturation of lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the adrenal glands located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces epineprine and norepineprine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three zone of the adrenal gland? |
|
Definition
zona glomerulosa (produce mineralocorticoids)
zona fasiculata (produce glucocorticoids)
zona reticularis (produce small amounts of androgerns) |
|
|
Term
| What are four cell types of the pancriatic islets? |
|
Definition
Alpha cells- Produce glucagon-raises blood glucose levels.
Beta cells-Produce insulin-lowers blood glucose levels.
Delta cells-Produce somatostatin-inhibits secretion of insulan and glucogen.
F Cells-Produce pancreatic polypeptide-inhibits gallbladder contractions. |
|
|
Term
| What do the ovaries and testes produce? |
|
Definition
Ovaries-Estrogen and Progesterine
Testes-Testosterine |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for setting the biological clock and causing sleepiness? |
|
Definition
| Melatonin produced by the Pineal Gland. |
|
|
Term
| These glands secrete hormones into ducts which empty the body cavities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Theses glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior lobe of the Pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supresess the release of hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulates the release of hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone stimulates body growth and metabolisum by stimulating protein synthesis and cell growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone stimulates the growth of mammory glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone stimulates cells of the adrenal cortex that produces glucocotricoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone stimulates melenocytes of increasing melanin production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone stimulates ovarian secretion of progesterone necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone stimulates the metabolic rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone is released in response to an increase in electrolytes or fall in the volume of blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a small gland attached to the 3rd ventricle of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemicals that alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs simultaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is in the anterior lobe (pars distalis): ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH Neurohypophysis posterier Lobe: Releases oxytocin and ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Holds; Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3
Calcitonin CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parthyroid Glands (on posterier surfuce of thyroid gland). |
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