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The Nervous System 2
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
138
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/27/2010

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Term
A nerve impulse depends on two things?
Definition
1. The presence or absence of the melin sheath.
2. The diameter of the axon.
Term
The ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord are lined by what cellular layer?
Definition
Ependyma
Term
What fluid can be found in the epindyma
Definition
CSF
Term
These are cuboidal and columnar and have a slender process. They care in the center of the central canal surronded by gilla cells in neural tissue.
Definition
Epindymal Cells
Term
Are neuron cell bodies clustered together in masses.
Definition
Ganglia
Term
What is the difference between meylinated and unmelinated axon?
Definition
A meylinated axon has a meylin covering that insulates it and makes it more effective, and they conduct impulses faster. Both are covered by schwann cells.
Term
What is the covering of a peripheral axon?
Definition
Schwann Cell
Term
What is the difference between meylinated and unmelinated axon?
Definition
A meylinated axon has a meylin covering that insulates it and makes it more effective, and they conduct impulses faster. Both are covered by schwann cells.
Term
What is the covering of a peripheral axon?
Definition
Schwann Cell
Term
What are the three functions of the spinal cord and spinal nerves?
Definition
1. Spinal cord reflexes.
2. Intergration Nerve Impulses
3. Highway of up-down travel of sensory and motor info.
Term
Describe the external anatomy of the spinal cord?
Definition
A flattened cylinder 18 long 3/4 diameter
Term
Where does the spinal cord begin?
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term
Where is the spinal cord located?
Definition
In the vertebral column with in the vertebral canal.
Term
Where does the spinal cord end in adults as opposed to newborns?
Definition
In adults its at L2 and in newborns its at L4
Term
What are the thread like connections of the pia mater that stabilize the spinal cord?
Definition
Filum Terminale S2/S3 of vertebrae
Term
What means "horse tail"?
Definition
Claude Equine (the dorsal and ventral roots of the lowest spinal nerves)
Term
What is the difference between a sulcus and a fissure?
Definition
A fissure is a lot bigger
Term
What are the cell bodies of the sensory nerves called?
Definition
Dorsal root ganglian
Term
What forms to make the spinal nerve?
Definition
The dorsal and ventral root
Term
What are the three meninges of the spinal cord?
Definition
1 Epineurium
2 perineurium
3 Endoenurium
Term
What is inside the epidural space in the spinal cord?
Definition
Flat and connective tissue
Term
What is the purpose of the spinal tap?
Definition
Sampling CSF for diagnosis
Term
What makes up the grey matter in the spinal cord?
Definition
neuron cell bodies and unmeylinated axons
Term
What nerves keep your diagram alive?
Definition
Phrenic nerve
Term
Damage to this will cause respiratory arrest
Definition
The spinal cord above C3
Term
What areas of the body does the brachial plexus supply?
Definition
Shoulder and upper limbs.
Term
Kathy has carpal tunnel syndrome. What nerve is being pinched?
Definition
Median Nerve
Term
Eugene hits his funny bone; which nerve was hit in this situation?
Definition
ulnar nerve
Term
Injury to this nerve causes inability to to extend the leg and results in a loss of sensation in the thigh?
Definition
Femoral Nerve
Term
Injury to this nerve causes paralysis in the thigh adductors?
Definition
Obturator
Term
This nerve supplies post thigh and all below the knee.
Definition
Sciatic nerve
Term
This plexus supplies the buttocks, perineum, and part of the lower limbs.
Definition
Sacral plexus
Term
What supplies the skin to the face?
Definition
Cranial nerve V
Term
What are the five components of the reflex arc?
Definition
1. Receptor
2 Sensory neuron
3 Intergrating center
4 Motor neuron
5 Effector
Term
What is the point of checking someones reflexes?
Definition
Detects injury/disorders
Term
What is the Babinski sign and what is associated with it?
Definition
Abnormal responses of children under 18 months- upward fanning of the toes due to incomplete myelination in child. In adults this is a sign of CNS injury.
Term
Is the innermost meningeal layer.
Definition
Pia Mater
Term
What does the Pia Mater attach to?
Definition
Pia Mater attaches to the dura mater by the denticulate ligaments through the arachnoid mater.
Term
Where are there more nerves found?
Definition
More nerves in the arm causes the spinal cord to be larger there.
Term
Is the cone shaped end of the spinal cord?
Definition
Connus Medullaris
Term
This is meylinated?
Definition
White Matter
Term
This is unmeylinated?
Definition
Grey Matter
Term
What do spinal nerves begin as?
Definition
Roots
Term
What two things join to make the spinal nerve?
Definition
Dorsal Root and Ventral Root
Term
Is the dorsal root a sensory or motor?
Definition
Is sensory Afferent
Term
Which is more superficial sensory or motor?
Definition
sensory is superficial will get hit first in an accident.
Term
Describe the Dorsal Root Ganglion?
Definition
It contains the cell bodies of the afferent spinal nerves.
Term
Where is the dorsal root ganglion located?
Definition
Along the vertebral column of the spine.
Term
Is in the spinal cord and is a spider web of collagen fibers.
Definition
Arachnoid
Term
Goes from the Forman Magnum to S2.
Definition
Dura Mater
Term
These chemicals are released from endocrine cells, and they alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs at once.
Definition
Hormones
Term
Includes all the endocrine cells and tissues of the body?
Definition
Endocrine System
Term
Name the four groups of hormones?
Definition
1. Amino Acid derivatives
2.Peptide Hormones
3.Steroids
4. Eiosanoids
Term
Hormones exert there effects by modifying what?
Definition
Target Cells (cells that are sensitive to a particular hormone)
Term
Endocrine activity can be controlled by what three things?
Definition
1. neural activity
2. positive feedback (rare)
3. complex negative feedback mechanisms.
Term
Name three ways the hypothalamus regulates the endocrine system?
Definition
1 controls the output of supernal medulla, an endocrine component of ANS.
2 Produces two hormone ADH and oxytocin.
3 Controls the activity of the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) thru the production of regulatory hormones.
Term
Is the most compact chemical factory in the body, and releases nine important peptide hormones.
Definition
Pituitary Gland
Term
Contains axons of the same hypothalamic neurons. Is also called the Pituitary Gland.
Definition
Neurohypophysis
Term
Nurons within the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleic manufacture?
Definition
ADH and Oxytocin
Term
This decreases the amount of water lost at the kidneys?
Definition
ADH
Term
Is released in response to rise in the concentration of electrolytes in the blood or a fall in blood volume.
Definition
ADH
Term
In women it stimulates smooth muscle cells in the uterus and contractile cells in the mammary glands.
Definition
Oxytocin
Term
Name the three parts of the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
Definition
large pars distalis
slender pars intermedia
pars tuberalis
Term
This is highly vascualarized?
Definition
Adenohypophysis
Term
Are regulated by hormones?
Definition
target cells
Term
Produces releasing hormone?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Decreases water loss?
Definition
ADH
Term
Stimulates milk production?
Definition
Prolactin
Term
Stimulates estrogen secretion?
Definition
FSH
Term
Viscous fluid with stored hormones?
Definition
Colloid
Term
Unknown function?
Definition
Oxyphil
Term
Lymphocyte maturation?
Definition
thymosin
Term
Norepinephrine release?
Definition
Chromaffin cells
Term
Pineal Gand?
Definition
Melatonin
Term
This hormone targets the thyroid gland and triggers the release of thyroid hormone is?
Definition
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Term
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell?
Definition
a second messenger appears in the cytoplasum
Term
Blood vessels that supply or drain the thyroid gland include which of the following?
Definition
superior thyroid artery
inferior thyroid artery
superior, inferior, and middle thyroid veins
Term
How does aging affect the function of the endocrine system?
Definition
Endocrine function of the reproductive system is the most effected by increasing age.
Term
Endocrine organs can be controlled by?
Definition
hormones from other endocrine glands
direct neural stimulation
changes in the composition of extracellular fluid
Term
Reduced fluid losses in urine due to retention of sodium ions and water are a result of the action of?
Definition
aldosterone
Term
When blood glucose levels fall?
Definition
glucagon is released.
Term
Hormones released by the kidneys include?
Definition
calcitriol and erythropoietin
Term
The element required for normal thyroid function is?
Definition
Iodine
Term
A structure known as corpus luteum secretes?
Definition
Progesterone
Term
What system releases hormones into the body?
Definition
The Endocrine System
Term
What is the difference between the Endocrine and Nervous System?
Definition
Endocrine results may take hrs but last longer.
Nervous results in sec but is over faster.
Term
Name three general functions of hormones?
Definition
1. Help regulate; metabolisum, biological clock, glandular secretion, some immune functions, contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle.
2. Growth and development
3. Reproduction
Term
What are some differences between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Definition
Endocrine-Don't have ducts, secretes into the bloodstream.
Exocrine-Have ducts that empty into body cavities, lumen of an organ, or body surfuce.
Term
Give an example of some exocrine and endocrine glands?
Definition
Exocrine-sweat, oil, mucous, digestive glands.
Endocrine-Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal.
Term
T or F Hormones that are prevented from interacting with its receptors can perform its normal functions.
Definition
False
Term
What synthetic hormone is used to induce abortion?
Definition
RU486
Term
The air conditioner in a house cools the room to 67 degrees and then turns off. The room starts to get hot and the air conditioner turns on again until the room hits 67 degrees, and then turns off again. What is this an example of?
Definition
Negative feedback
Term
Which side of the Pituitary Gland does the hypothalamus have control over?
Definition
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Term
What are the two master endocrine glands. Why are they considered master glands?
Definition
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland because they have control over other endocrine glands.
Term
What area of the pituitary gland releases oxytocin and ADH?
Definition
Posterier Lobe
Term
Where is the pituitary lobe located?
Definition
In the sella turcia of the sphenoid bone.
Term
What is the hypophyseal Portal System?
Definition
Hypothalamic hormones reach the anterier pituitary gland thru it, 2 capillary networks that do not pass thru the heart.
Term
T or F The posterier pituitary gland synthesizes hormones?
Definition
False
Term
What cell produces GH?
Definition
somatotrophs
Term
What will happen if there is a lack of Human Growth Hormone?
Definition
small sized baby, little people.
Term
What hormone stimulates the metabolic rate?
Definition
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH
Term
What does FSH do?
Definition
Initiates the formation of follicle cells to secrete estrogen, stimulate sperm production in testes.
Term
T or F FSH stimulates overian secretion of progesterine and ovulation?
Definition
Luteinizing Hormone LH does this.
Term
What does ACTH do?
Definition
Stimulates cell of the adrenal cortex that produce glutocorticoids (these effect glucose metabolisum)
Term
What is the synthetic version of oxytocin that is administered to stimulate uterine contractions?
Definition
Pytocin
Term
T or F Diuretic hormone decreases urine production, decreases sweating, and increases BP?
Definition
False, Antiduretic Hormone ADH does this.
Term
What do thyroid follicles do?
Definition
Manufacture, store, and secrete thyroid hormone.
Term
What does calcitonin do?
Definition
Responsible for building of bone and stops reabsortion of bone (lowers blood calcium levels)
Term
What does the parthyroid hormone do?
Definition
Raises blood calcium levels (opposite function of calcitonin) by increasing activity of osteoblasts reobsorption of Ca+2 by kidney.
Term
What does the thymus gland produce and what does that thing do?
Definition
Thymosin-Important in development and maturation of lymphocytes.
Term
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Definition
On top of each kidney
Term
What produces epineprine and norepineprine?
Definition
Adrenal Medulla
Term
What are the three zone of the adrenal gland?
Definition
zona glomerulosa (produce mineralocorticoids)
zona fasiculata (produce glucocorticoids)
zona reticularis (produce small amounts of androgerns)
Term
What are four cell types of the pancriatic islets?
Definition
Alpha cells- Produce glucagon-raises blood glucose levels.
Beta cells-Produce insulin-lowers blood glucose levels.
Delta cells-Produce somatostatin-inhibits secretion of insulan and glucogen.
F Cells-Produce pancreatic polypeptide-inhibits gallbladder contractions.
Term
What do the ovaries and testes produce?
Definition
Ovaries-Estrogen and Progesterine
Testes-Testosterine
Term
What is responsible for setting the biological clock and causing sleepiness?
Definition
Melatonin produced by the Pineal Gland.
Term
These glands secrete hormones into ducts which empty the body cavities?
Definition
Exocrine Glands
Term
Theses glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream?
Definition
Endocrine glands
Term
Anterior lobe of the Pituitary gland?
Definition
Adenohypophysis
Term
Posterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland?
Definition
Neurohypophysis
Term
Supresess the release of hormones?
Definition
Inhibiting hormones
Term
Stimulates the release of hormones?
Definition
Releasing hormones
Term
This hormone stimulates body growth and metabolisum by stimulating protein synthesis and cell growth?
Definition
Growth Hormone
Term
This hormone stimulates the growth of mammory glands?
Definition
Prolactin
Term
This hormone stimulates cells of the adrenal cortex that produces glucocotricoids?
Definition
ATCH
Term
This hormone stimulates melenocytes of increasing melanin production?
Definition
MSH
Term
This hormone stimulates ovarian secretion of progesterone necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy
Definition
Lutinizing Hormone
Term
This hormone stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen
Definition
FSH
Term
This hormone stimulates the metabolic rate
Definition
TSH
Term
This hormone is released in response to an increase in electrolytes or fall in the volume of blood
Definition
ADH
Term
This is a small gland attached to the 3rd ventricle of the brain
Definition
Pineal Gland
Term
Chemicals that alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs simultaneously
Definition
Hormones
Term
Production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Is in the anterior lobe (pars distalis): ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH Neurohypophysis posterier Lobe: Releases oxytocin and ADH?
Definition
Pituitary Gland
Term
Holds; Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3
Calcitonin CT
Definition
Thyroid Gland
Term
Thymosins
Definition
Thymus
Term
Melatonin
Definition
Pineal Gland
Term
PTH
Definition
Parthyroid Glands (on posterier surfuce of thyroid gland).
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