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The Nervous System
chapter 9
55
Anatomy
Not Applicable
05/19/2012

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Term
CNS
Definition
central nervous system
Term
central nervous system
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
PNS
Definition
peripheral nervous system
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
the nerves that extend to the peripheral parts of the body
Term
ANS
Definition
autonomic nervous system
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
consists of the structures that regulate the body's involuntary funtions
Term
neurons
Definition
nerve cells
Term
glia
Definition
support cells
Term
dendrites
Definition
the processes or projections that transmit impulses to the neuron cell bodies or axons
Term
cell body, dendrite and axon
Definition
three parts of a neuron
Term
axon
Definition
the processes that transmit impulses away from the cell bodies or dendrites
Term
sensory neurons
Definition
transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. aka afferent neurons
Term
motor neurons
Definition
transmit impulses away from the spinal cord and brain. aka efferent neurons
Term
Interneurons
Definition
conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons. aka central or connection neurons
Term
myelin
Definition
a white, fatty substance formed by Schwann cells that wrap round some axons outside the CNS
Term
myelinated fibers
Definition
axons wrapped in myelin
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
indentations between adjacent Schwann cells
Term
neurilemma
Definition
the outter cell membrane of a Schwann cell
Term
glioma
Definition
a common type of brain cancer
Term
astrocytes
Definition
relatively large glia cells that look somewhat starlike because of thereadlike extentions that jut out from their surfaces
Term
microglia
Definition
ususally stationary but in inflammed or degenating brain tissue they enlarge and move about eating microbes like scavangers
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
help hold nerve fibers together and produce fatty myelin sheath that envelops nerve fibers in the brain
Term
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definition
charaterized by myelin loss and destruction accompanied by varying degrees of oligodendrocyte injury
Term
neuroma
Definition
general name for tumors arising in nervous system structures
Term
Multiple Neurofibromatosis
Definition
an inherited disease characterized by numerous fibrous neuromas throughout the body
Term
Nerve
Definition
a group of peripheral nerve fibers bundled together
Term
tracts
Definition
bundles of axons in the CNS
Term
white matter
Definition
myelinated axons in form this area of the brain
Term
gray matter
Definition
brain and cord tissue composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites
Term
endoneurium
Definition
the thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each axon in a nerve
Term
fascicles
Definition
groups of axons that are each wrapped in endonerium
Term
perineurium
Definition

the thin fibrous membrane that surrounds each fascicle

 

Term
epineurium
Definition
a tough, fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve
Term

action potentials

 

Definition
nerve impulses
Term
reflex are
Definition
a neuron pathway important to nevous functioning
Term
ganglion
Definition
a group of nerve-cell bodies located in the PNS
Term
receptors
Definition
the beginnings of dendrites of sensory neurons
Term
synapse
Definition
a microscopic space that separates the axon ending of one neuron and the dendrite ending of another
Term
reflex
Definition
the respose to impulse conduction over the reflex arc
Term
salatory conduction
Definition
type of impulse travel that is much faster than possible in nonmyelinated sections
Term
presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
Definition
the two ends that transmit impulses across the synapse. presynaptic sends and postsynaptic recieves
Term
synaptic knob
Definition
a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron's axon
Term
nuerotransmitter
Definition
chemicals by which neurons communicate
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
substance released at some of the synapses of the spinal cord and neuromuscular junctions
Term
catecholamines
Definition
norepinephrine dopamine and seritonin all belong to this group which may aide in sleep, motor function mood and pleasure
Term
endorphins and enkephalins
Definition
these neurotransmitters inhibit conduction of pain impulses. Are natural pain killers
Term

Parkinson Disease

 

Definition
a chronic nervous disorder resulting from a defincincy of the neurotransmitter dopamine in certain parts of the brain.
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
an enlarged, upward extension of the spinal cord.
Term

cerebellum

 

Definition
second largest part of the brain, functions in normal movement
Term
diencephalon
Definition
a small but important part of the brain that has 2 main structures: the thalamus and hypothalamus
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
located below the thalamus, functions include regulation of temp, water balance, hunger, sex drive, pain, and fear
Term
thalamus
Definition
helps produce sensations and associates with emotions
Term
cerebrum
Definition
the largest and uppermost part of the brain
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