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| son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly thereafter. |
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| according to Shiism, rulers who could trace descent from the successors of Ali |
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| Sect in Northwest India; early leaders tried to bridge differences between Hindu and Muslim, but Mughal persecution led to anti-Muslim feeling |
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| Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombled in Taj Mahal |
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| Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established Empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world |
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| originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shiism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722 |
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| Ottoman sultan called the Conqueror; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire |
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| Western India people who rebelled against Mughal control early in 18th century |
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| early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify Islam; first member of Safavid Dynasty |
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| wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated Mughal empire during last years of Jahangir's reign |
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| Soldier-adventurer following fall of Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom |
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| most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as mausoleum for the of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal |
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| Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to Shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture |
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| Turkic Empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout the Middle East; responsible for conquest of Constantinople and end of Byzantine Empire in 1453; succeeded Seljuk Turks following retreat of Mongols |
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| Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determined to extend Mughal Control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military successes; died in 1707 |
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| founded Mughal Dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warrios; first led invasion of India in 1526; Died in 1530 |
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| son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperating with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India |
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| Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence; particularly after 15th century |
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| name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive redhead gear |
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| Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 15th century often more powerful than sultan |
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| Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid proclaimed to be shah or emperor |
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| local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shiism |
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| site of Battle Safavid and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked western advance of Safavid Empire |
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| established by Babur in India in 1526; name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century |
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| religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent, key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in India, but failed |
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| Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military techonology |
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