·       constitution under Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876-1909)

o      First constitution of the O.E.; a strong gesture towards the New Ottomans, a liberal society, and westernization

o      It was a true constitution with a bill of rights and a parliament

o      It was suspended pretty quickly and the parliament disbanded 

·      Abdulhamid II (1876-1909)

o      Came to power promising reform but soon realized that the reforms weakened his ability to rule

o      As a result, he withdrew his reforms and was known as an authoritarian, anti-reform ruler

·      region that is present day Turkey

o      Held by Byzantine Empire until Osman (1258-1324) established the Ottoman Empire (1299-1324)

o      Constantinople was held by the Byzantines until 1453

o      After WWI, Ottoman Empire is broken up and Turkish state is established on the Anatolian Peninsula

·      Southeast Asia

o      Serbian Kingdom is conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1389

o      Greek Orthodox Christians

o      Source of men for the devshirme program 

·      leader of Islam

o      Mohammed’s immediate successor, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, became the first caliph

o      Sunnis and Shi’ias differ on the legitimacy of the first four Caliphs 

·      fought between Russia on one side and Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire on the other

o      Britain and France fought to keep the Russians out of the Crimea

o      Stems from the larger “Eastern Question”

§       What to do with the declining Ottoman Empire

§       How to check the growing power/influence of Russia

o      Britain/France/O.E. won, checked the Russians for a time

·      Committee of Union and Progress

o      Wanted to restore the 1876 Constitution

o      Executed a military coup in 1908

o      After 1908, the O.E. was a republic of sorts à New Ottomans

o      Between 1908 and 1914, Ottomanism fails and policy changes à ethnic unity (Pan-Turinism) 

-   reverse the process of fragmentation

-   goal: save empire in the face of internal and external threats

-   adapts western ideas and liberalism so they are able to withstand the threat of the west

-   James Gelvin

-   It was counter productive: needed military reform, raised revenue, borrowed money, major debt

·      the practice whereby the O.E. conscripted young boys from non-Muslim families, especially in the Balkans, and educated and trained them for military, administrative, or religious service

o      Formed the Janissaries 

·      Pilgrimage to Mecca

o      All Muslims are called to make the hajj at least once in their lifetime

o      Follows in the footsteps of Muhammad who was the perfect Muslim

o      Part of the ibadat, or “religious duties” 

 “civilization” as golden age

traditionally dated from the 8th to 13th centuries A.D. During this period, artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers and traders in the Islamic world contributed to agriculture, the arts, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, sociology, and technology, both by preserving earlier traditions and by adding inventions and innovations of their own

Striving in the way of the Lord

Defense of Islam against attackers, Muslim struggle against evil within oneself, one’s associates, and the Umma, name of several Islamist groups

-   the black stone that symbolizes Allah

-   Muhammad wipes the rest out and says that the kaaba is a sacred sight of Islam

-   It’s where the Muslims face to pray

-   In Mecca- believed to be where the well of zam zam sat

-   responsible for shaping Egyptian nationalism

-   He was a viceroy- which is a title.  He is not the sultan but Egypt was virtually autonomous

-   1863-1879

-   defensive developmentalist- made Egypt vulnerable to the influence of west

-   oversaw the building of the Suez canal

-   bankrupted Egypt completely

-   viewed negatively as selling out egypt. 

-   between the torus mountains of turkey to modern Jordan

-   terrain: broken, mountainous

-   rare rule by strong power

-   grand prize for conquers (Egyptians, napoleon)

-   Cross-roads for the middle east

Ottoman Sultan (1808-1839) westernizing reformer, loved the French, changed image of Sultan, replaced sofas with chairs/ military reforms/turbans- DEFENSIVE DEVELOPMENT

-   sought to increase the power of religious leaders in society

-   modernize and professionalize military

-   reserved robes and turbans for ulama

-   westernization

-   defined what it meant to be Turkish in a western way

Member of a military oligarchy ruling Egypt (1250-1517) and Syria starting in the 1200s. They started out as slaves, Mamluk actually means slave, from remote Middle Eastern areas who were sent to serve Muslim rulers. They would be placed in a very intense military studies program for 8 years that helped build strong bonds between them. They rose to power through their military power, and they retained it for a long time on account of succession by ability—what Mamluk faction was the strongest would overcome the others and take power. Mamluk power waned greatly; by 1795 they ruled only in Egypt but were hated by the people. Thus, when Napoleon Bonaparte invaded, they were unable to give much resistance and were quickly destroyed. 

-   precursor of county / states

-   this includes Christian millets

-   enabled the empire to thrive

-   interested in efficiency

-   not as formal as a state

-   internally governed

-   the forth caliph

-   said to be unfit to rule because he had not tried to protect Uthman (3^rd caliph)

-   Defeated challengers at the battle of the camel

-   Murdered by a kharijite

-   ottoman reformer (1800 – 1858)

-   ambassador in Paris and London

-   through familiarity with European government, he was convinced that the empire must westernize to survive

-   implemented the tanzimat (reorganization)

-   effort to curry favor among the British

-   non-Muslim minority orientation

-   addresses grievances of non-Muslims

Lived from A.D 1258 through 1324. Turkish chieftain who formed his own religious state on the principle of Ghaza (making warfare in the name of Islam.) Used Bursa as his capital, established the sultanate that would last through the 20^th century.

-   leader of the Seljuks (1258-1324)

-   “ottoman” means follower of Osman

-   Turkish / Islamic warrior state

-   He had a northern inclination- wanted to capture christianaity

-   Created identity crisis- Asian or European?

-   Expanded through Serbia

-   an irrevocable edict from a sultan

-   many have proven to be a dead letter

ended the Austro-Ottoman War; signed in 1699; significantly, marked the end of Ottoman offensive movements and put them on the defensive.

ended the Crimean War; signed in 1774; significantly, Ottoman Empire ceded Crimea to the Russians, losing control of the Black Sea. 

the title for semi-autonomous provinces under the Arab Caliphate. 

one of the five pillars of Islam, this represents alms giving to the poor. In many Muslim nations, this is mandated as a tax. 

-   traditionalists

-   ulama

-   believed only empire worth saving is one that is islamic

-   mainy arabs

-   slav refers to language group

-   it is a type of nationalism that aimed to unite within a single state all people sspeaking slavic languages

-   threatened Russia, Austria, and ottoman empire

-   dynasty of Persia (1794 – 1925)

-   wanted to conquer the gulf region

-   designated Tehran to be capital

-   p 172 of book

-   Mehmet Ali’s son

-   Granted a concession in 1854 to French to build Suez canal

-   Promised to pay wages to workers- thought they could use slaves

-   Hurt Egypt economy later when canal was actually built

-   1789-1807

-   modern ottoman reform

-   planned the nizam-i-jedid (new order)

-   tried military reform

-   janissaries got mad and started a civil war; locked selim up

-   role played varies in countries

-   contested and tense term

-   some: radical, strict law

-   others: symbolic

-   Islamic concepts of morality- state must co-exist with it

-   Full witness of Islamic culture

-   Various institutions to carry this forth 

-   governed 1520-1566

-   height of ottoman authority

-   Danube river to yemen

-   Albania to the black sea

-   Algeria to Baghdad

-   Geography was maintained till WWI

-   means reorganizations

-   -master behind it: Mustafa Reshid

-   issued the Noble Rescript of the Rose Chamber- influenced by British

1.  guaranteed security, honor of life, property for ottoman citizens (civil liberties) without respect to religion or race

2.  Tax reform- collectors had to collect tax and had license to collect more for themselves

3.  Regularized military service- length of service- includes all people

4.  Equality under the law- full rights no matter the faith

-   whether Russia would gobble up turkeys European possessions or be stopped from doing so by the other great powers

-   other countries usually tried to prevent Russian capture of Balkans