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The Mediastinum
N/A
52
Anatomy
Graduate
11/21/2011

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Cards

Term
Name the primary divisions of the mediastinum
Definition
Superior and Inferior
Term
Name the divisions of the inferior part of the mediastinum
Definition
Anterior, Middle, Posterior
Term
What are the borders of the superior mediastinum?
Definition
Superior Thoracic Apertuer to T4-T5
Term
What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?
Definition
Thymus, Left and Right Brachiocephalic Veins, Superior Vena Cava, Arch of Aorta, Trachea, Esophagus, Phrenic Nerve, Valgus Nerve, Thoracic Duct
Term
Where is the thymus located?
Definition
Posterior to the Manubrium
Term
What is the primary function of the Thymus?
Definition
Early development of immune system T-cells 
Term
What happens to the thymus after puberty?
Definition
Will slowly decrease in size
Term
What feeds into the brachiocephalic vein?
Definition
Internal Jugular and Subclavian Veins
Term
What feeds into the Superior Vena Cava and where?
Definition
The Brachiocephalic Veins at the lower edge of the first costal cartilage 
Term
What are the common access points of a central line?
Definition
Jugular vein, Subclavian vein, Femoral vein
Term
What are some common complications of administering a central line?
Definition
Pneumothorax, infection, thrombosis
Term
What is the only part of the aorta that is located in the superior mediastinum?
Definition
Aortic Arch
Term
What are the major branches of the superior aortic arch?
Definition
Brachiocephalic trunk, left Subclavian and Common Carotid Arteries
Term
What are the branches of the Brachiocephalic trunk?
Definition
Right Subclavian and Common Carotid Arteries
Term
What is another name for Aortic Dissection?
Definition
A Dissecting Aneurysm
Term
What characterizes an Aortic Dissection?
Definition
Blood is forced through a small tear in the tunica intima that separates that torn layer from the arterial wall 
Term
What forms the respiratory tract inferior to the Larynx?
Definition
Trachea
Term
At what level does the Trachea divide into left and right Bronchi?
Definition
T4-T5
Term
What spinal cord segment gives rise to the phrenic nerve?
Definition
C3-C5
Term
What parts of the mediastinum does the Phrenic Nerve innervate?
Definition
Mediastinal Pleura, Fibrous Pericardium, the Parietal Layer of Serous Pericardium 
Term
What is the result of damage to one side of the Phrenic Nerve?
Definition
Same side of diaphragm will be paralyzed 
Term
At what level does damage to the Phrenic Nerve result in an inability to breathe?
Definition
C3
Term
What is Ondine's Curse?
Definition
Congenital Central Hyperventilation Syndrome or Primary Alveolar Hypoventilation, manifests as respiratory arrest during sleep, can be fatal
Term
What is another name for the vagus nerve?
Definition
CN X
Term
What kind of innervation is provided by the Vagus Nerve?
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
What do the left and right vagus nerves give off in the superior medastinum?
Definition
Right and Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves 
Term
What does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve pass underneath before ascending to the larynx?
Definition
Right Subclavian Artery
Term

What does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve pass underneath before ascending to the larynx?

Definition
Aortic Arch
Term
Which recurrent laryngeal nerve is succeptable to compression?
Definition
Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Term
What is a common cause of compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, resulting in hoarsness of breath?
Definition
Lymph node enlargement due to spread of lung cancer 
Term
What are the boundaries of the Anterior Mediastinum within the Inferior Mediastinum?
Definition
Body of the Sternum to the Pericardial Sac
Term

What are the boundaries of the Middle Mediastinum within the Inferior Mediastinum?

Definition
Pericardial Sac and Heart
Term

What are the boundaries of the Posterior Mediastinum within the Inferior Mediastinum?

Definition
Pericardial Sac to verterbral bodies of T5-T12
Term
What are the contents of the Anterior Mediastinum?
Definition
Fat, Connective Tissue, Lymph Nodes, Mediastinal Branches of Internal Thoracic Vessles, Sternopericardial Ligaments, Remnants of Thymus
Term
What are the contents of the Middle Mediastinum?
Definition
Pericardial Sac, Heart, Origins of Great Vessles, Phrenic Nerve, Pericardiocophrenic Vessles
Term
What are the contents of the Posterior Mediastinum?
Definition
Esophagus, Thoracic Aorta, Azygos system of veins, Thoracic Duct, Sympathetic trunks and thoracic Splanchnic Nerves 
Term
Where does the esophagus begin and end?
Definition
Pharynx, Stomach
Term
What does the left vagus nerve become at the esophagus?
Definition
Anterior Vagal Trunk
Term
What does the right Vagus Nerve become at the esophagus?
Definition
Posterior Vagal Trunk
Term
What are the 4 locations where the esophagus may be compressed by surrounding structures?
Definition
Junction of esophagus and pharynx in the neck
Where arch of aorta crosses esophagus
Where esophagus is compressed by left main bronchus
At esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
Term
If a swolloed coin is seen in an x-ray to be flat and parallel with the coronal plane, it is likely within what?
Definition
Esophagus
Term
What does the thoracic aorta give off in the posterior mediastinum?
Definition
Posterior Intercostal Arteries, Bronchial Arteries, Esophageal Arteries
Term
The posterior intercostal arteries supply which intercostal spaces?
Definition
3-11
Term
The azygos is on which side of the body?
Definition
Right
Term
The hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygose veins are on which side of the body?
Definition
Left
Term
What is the function of the azygose system of veins? 
Definition
Drain blood from the body wall to the superior vena cava
Term
What alternate route may potentially be taken in cases where the inferior vena cava might be blocked?
Definition
Azygose Veins, resulting in substantial dilation
Term
What is the function of the thoracic duct?
Definition
Channel through which lymph of most of the body is returned to the venous system
Term
Where does the Cisterna Chyli enter the thorax?
Definition
Aortic Hiatus
Term
The right lymphatic duct drains what?
Definition
Right arm and right side of head and kneck
Term
What is chylothorax?
Definition
Accumulation of Lymphatic Fluid in the pleural cavity caused by a leak in the thoracic duct
Term
How much fluid does the thoracic duct transport per day?
Definition
4L
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