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| a famous inventor whose most famous innovation was the light bulb |
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| the last quarter of the nineteenth century; named for the large number of technological advances |
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| grew much more efficient as a result of new inventions |
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| a system by which cost per unit decreased as the number of units they produced increased; encouraged mass production |
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| the continuous increase in size of powerful businesses without any restraint |
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| a company that owned enough stock in other companies to have control over every step of manufacturing and selling a product |
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| control of an entire industry |
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| several smaller companies within the same industry are combined to form one larger company |
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| a company buys out factors of production, from raw materials to finish product |
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| Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 |
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| a law to oppose businesses banding together to form trusts; was ineffective due to ambiguous wording |
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| a steel industrial leader (captain of industry); introduced "Social Darwinism" and advocated philanthropy |
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| captains of industry (robber barons) |
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| people who controlled large manufacturing enterprises and possibly an entire industry |
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| methods of moving many people simultaneously, like railroad lines, streetcars, and subways |
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| neighborhoods of immigrants of the same descent |
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| the belief that business naturally allowed only the fittest to survive |
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| helped the poor find homes and jobs and helped finance public works; in return, they expected votes and also required "donations" |
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| the organizations that political bosses controlled |
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| (1869) one of the first national labor unions; a union of unskilled workers |
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| (1886) the explosion of a bomb during a labor demonstration at Chicago's Haymarket Square; decreased unions' popularity |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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| a labor union that excluded unskilled workers to increase popularity |
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| houses in poor neighborhoods that were community centers; provided schooling, childcare, and cultural activities |
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| the founder of Hull House, a prominent settlement house; awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 |
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| a style of sensational reporting involving bold headlines and scandalous stories |
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| Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst |
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| two leading yellow journalists |
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| laws specifically designed to suppress black freedom |
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| a Southern black who claimed that blacks should strive for economic independence; did not believe that blacks could immediately demand equality |
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| the thesis that the frontier was critical in shaping American character, defining the American spirit, promoting democracy, and providing an economic safety valve; by historian Frederick Jackson Turner |
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| (1862) offered 160 acres of land to anyone who would cultivate it and build a home there for five years |
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| (1862) set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges |
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| (1887) broke up Indian reservations and distributed 160 acres of land to each Native American family; offered American citizenship; met with resistance |
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| the term (coined by Mark Twain) for the era between Reconstruction and the 1900s, owing to the corruption of politics hidden underneath a pleasant appearance |
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| (1877) the Supreme Court upheld Illinois's railroad regulations; surprising because only Congress could regulate interstate commerce (which included railroads) |
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| Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois ("Wabash case") |
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| (1886) the Supreme Court claimed that states could not establish rates involving interstate commerce; somewhat contradictory to Munn v. Illinois |
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| set up the Interstate Commerce Commision to supervise railroad activities and regulate unfair practices |
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| created the Civil Service Commission to mandate examinations for government employees |
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| a prominent campaigner for women's suffrage |
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| an organization of farmers that cooperated to benefit from economies of scale; replaced by Farmer's Alliances |
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| the successor of the Grange Movement, which later grew into the People's Party |
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| the political party of the Populist movement; called for the liberal use of silver to cause inflation (helpful to farmers) |
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| a Democratic candidate for president in 1896 who campaigned on the issue of "free silver" |
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| Bryan's famous speech which argued for the use of silver |
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| Lincoln's and Johnson's secretary of state; set the precedent for increased American participation in the western hemisphere |
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| controlling other countries to do business |
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| islands that the US traded sugar with; in the 1890s, the US imposed high tariffs on Hawaii, allowing the white minority to overthrow the government; subsequently, the US annexed Hawaii |
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| Spain granted Cuba independence and ceded the Phillipines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States |
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| a war instigated by the US; the US used an excuse of a warship exploding to fight with Spain over control of the Western Hemisphere |
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| the US essentially gained control of Cuba's foreign and domestic affairs and some of Cuba's land |
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| islands that the US annexed (despite a guerilla war by the Filipinos); granted independence in 1946 |
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| encouraged free trade between Western nations and China |
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