Term
| TT cells only recognize antigen when |
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Definition
| complexed with MHC—they cannot recognize nor react to antigen without MHC |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Phagocytes activated by antigen exposure stimulate specific immune responses by |
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Definition
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Term
| To trigger a specific immune system response, _____ must appear on cell plasma membranes. |
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Definition
| antigens or antigenic fragments |
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Term
| How do antigens that trigger an immune response appear on the surface of a cell's plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| antigen presentation: Infecting cells or being “processed” by phagocytes/APCs |
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Term
| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| proteins= Self Antigen/ID card + Snapchat |
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Term
| How do T cells become activated? |
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Definition
| by binding antigen-MHC complex |
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Term
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Definition
| Present on all nucleated cells—internal surveillance |
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Definition
| Present on membranes of antigen-presenting cells (APC) - External surveillance |
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Term
| The events of antigen presentation in an infected body cell |
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Definition
| infection, antigen presentation by Class I MHCs, appearance of abnormal peptides which are incorporated into Class I MHCs, MHC proteins reach the p.m. and are displayed |
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Term
| The events of antigen presentation in a phagocytic cell |
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Definition
| Phagocytic APCs engulf the extracellular pathogens, Lysosomal action produces antigenic fragments, Class II MHCs produced, Antigenic fragments are bound to Class II MHC proteins, fragments displayed on p.m. |
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Term
| Steps of CD8 T cell activation |
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Definition
| Antigen recognition (1st permission), Costimulation (2nd permission), clonal expansion |
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Definition
| Physical or chemical stimulation of T cell in addition to the Class I MHC molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| T cell activation and cell division |
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Term
| Three CD8 T cells produced from CD8 T cell activation |
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Definition
Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells)
Memory TC cells
Suppressor T cells (TS cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Seek out and destroy abnormal and infected cells in tissues by inspecting their MHC I + antigen |
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Term
| Target cells of cytotoxic Tc must have |
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Definition
| Class I MHC + antigen that T cell is specific to complexed together |
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Term
| Destructive mechanisms of cytotoxic Tc cells |
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Definition
| Release of perforins, Activate target cell self-destruction genes for cell death (apoptosis) (using CD95+), Disruption of cell metabolism with lymphotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
Naïve B cell must bind its specific antigen (1st permission),
antigens are brought into cell through endocytosis and then placed on surface of cell bound to Class II MHC proteins (Sensitization), Clonal Selection |
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Term
| 2nd Permission of B cell activation |
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Definition
| when activated Th cell binds to sensitized B cell antigen (Th required Class II MHC + Ag complex) and pass second signal to the no-longer naïve cell |
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Term
| events occurring after B cell activation |
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Definition
Activated B cells divide, differentiate, and produce:
Memory B cells (inactive until 2nd exposure to antigen)
Plasma cells (activated B cells that produce antibodies) |
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Term
basis for several drug
reactions |
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Definition
antibodies produced will attack both the hapten and the carrier molecule. If the carrier molecule is normally present
in the tissues, the antibodies may begin attacking and destroying normal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| D = Duh, dumb, naïve: unsensitized, membrane-bound Ag; on B cell surface where it binds antigens in extracellular fluid; plays role in B cell sensitization |
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Term
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Definition
M = Hmmmm, what should I do about this?
First class of antiBody secreted after antigen encountered;
Production declines as IgG production increases |
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Term
| Anti-A and anti-B antiBodies are examples of what immunoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(80% of all antibodies) G = Go Get ‘em!
Secreted into plasma, work against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins |
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Definition
E = Excessive - Allergies
Attaches to basophil and mast cell surfaces—triggering allergic & anti-worm responses |
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Definition
A = “Say Ahhh” – Saliva & secretions
Found primarily in glandular secretions such as mucus, tears, saliva, and semen; attack before pathogens gain internal access |
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Term
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Definition
| antiBody-mediated response to initial antigen exposure – from intially naïve B cells; delayed due to time to activate specific B cells (23-24 hours for human cell divisions!) |
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Definition
| plasma concentration of antiBody; peaks 1–2 weeks after initial exposure in primary response |
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Definition
| From memory B cells for specific antigen; antiBody titers increase more rapidly and reach higher concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| AntiBodies occupy binding sites on viruses and bacterial toxins preventing them from affecting body cells |
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Term
| Prevention of pathogen adhesion |
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Definition
| IgA antiBodies in glandular secretions cover bacteria or viruses preventing adhesion and infection of body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| After antigen binding, complement also can bind to the antiBody, accelerating the complement cascade |
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Term
| Stimulation of inflammation |
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Definition
| Basophil and mast cell stimulation to release chemicals—attracts leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Attached antiBodies attract eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| Coating of pathogen with antiBodies allows phagocytes to bind easier |
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Term
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Definition
| The linking of multiple pathogens by antibodies creating an immune complex; enhanced phagocytosis |
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Definition
| Precipitation when target antigen is on cell surface (like RBC) or virus; enhanced phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens (allergens); sensitization and activation of B cells to allergens leads to production of large quantities of IgE |
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Term
| Localized allergy reaction |
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Definition
inflammation, pain, itching at contact area
Example: hypersensitivity reaction of allergic rhinitis (hay fever and other environmental allergies) |
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Term
| Systemic allergy reaction |
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Definition
allergen in bloodstream, symptoms widespread
Example: anaphylaxis (circulating allergen causing widespread vasodilation through mast cell activation) |
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Term
| What is required to to identify, precipitate & mark bacteria for destruction? |
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Definition
| complement, phagocytosis & B cell response (b/c bacteria are extracellular parasites) |
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Term
| What is required to kill virally infected body cells? |
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Definition
| TC cells (b/c viruses are intra-cellular parasites); stops production of new virions |
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Term
| What prevents virus re-infection of other cells? |
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Definition
| B cells produce antiBodies to lock up free virions |
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Term
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Definition
| Autoimmune disorder where autoantibodies attack connective tissues around joints |
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Term
| Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
| Autoimmune disorder where autoantibodies attack pancreatic islet cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Autoimmune disorder where autoantibodies attack myelin |
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Term
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Definition
| Recipient cytotoxic T cells become activated and attack MHC proteins of donated material; can be treated by immunosuppression |
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Term
| Age-related reductions in immune activity |
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Definition
| T cells become less responsive, B cell response also less due to number of helper T cells reduced, and NK cells reduced and immune surveillance compromised (increased cancer) |
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Term
| Pressures within lymphatic vessels are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| located in subcutaneous layer deep to the skin, areolar tissue of mucous membranes, and areolar tissues of serous membranes |
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Term
| lymphatic trunks empty into |
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Definition
| the thoracic duct and the R lymphatic duct |
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Term
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Definition
| collects lymph from inferior to diaphragm and left side of body superior to diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| collects lymph from R side of body superior to the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| expanded, sac-like chamber that receives lymph from lumbar and intestinal trunks |
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Term
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Definition
| infected normal cell, must be killed by cytotoxic T cell |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocyte presenting antigen from a pathogen it’s found; “Sic ‘em, boys!” to the T helper cells |
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Term
| the definitive marker of cytotoxic T cells is |
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Definition
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Definition
| our cells killing our cells (infected); primarily involves cytotoxic T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate the activation and function of both T and B cells |
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Term
| the definitive marker of helper T cells is |
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Definition
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Term
| antibody-mediated immunity |
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Definition
| aka humoral immunity; B cells produce and secrete antibodies that circulate widely in body fluids in response to the presence of a foreign substance |
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Term
| aggregated lymphoid molecules |
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Definition
| Peyer patches; aggregations of lymphocytes in the small intestine deep to the epithelium |
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Term
| mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) |
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Definition
| protect epithelia of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| paired lymphatics in posterior, inferior margin of the oral cavity that you see when checking for strep throat |
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Term
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Definition
| single lymphatic on the posterior, superior wall of the pharynx; often called adenoid; visible with dental mirror |
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Term
| The buboes of bubonic plagues are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| carry lymph to the subcapsular space of a lymph node; penetrate the capsule of the lymph node on the side opposite of the hilum |
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Term
| the medullary sinus contains |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| leave the lymph node at the hilum and carry lymph to venous circulation |
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Term
| Which lymph organ is only important in children? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reticular epithelial cells and lymphocytes w/ blood-thymus barrier to isolate the developing T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| reticular epithelial cells and lymphocytes organized into thymic corpuscles; where the developed T cells enter the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| “First line of cellular defense” against pathogenic invasion: and they act non-specifically = (they protect against almost all kinds and species of threats (pathogens), not just one) |
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Term
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Definition
Neutrophils (in bloodstream and tissues): Phagocytize cellular debris or bacteria; Eosinophils (less abundant):
Phagocytize foreign compounds and antibody-coated pathogens; Macrophages (derived from monocytes): Fixed (permanent residents of certain organs) and free (travel throughout body) |
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Term
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Definition
| Interfere with viral replication; small proteins released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and virus-infected tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by virus-infected cells; attract and stimulate NK cells and give viral resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by fibroblasts; slow inflammation in damaged area |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by T cells and NK cells; stimulate macrophage activity |
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Term
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Definition
| complements antibody action; 11 plasma proteins that interact to attach to foreign cells |
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Term
| Two pathways of activation of the complement system |
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Definition
| Classical pathway (most rapid and effective): complement proteins attach to antibody already bound to pathogen; Alternative pathway: several complement proteins (notably properdin) activate in plasma after contacting foreign materials |
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Term
| Complement system effects |
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Definition
| Pore formation, enhanced phagocytosis (opsonization), and histamine release |
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Term
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Definition
Localized tissue response that produces:
Local swelling (“tumor”), Heat (“calor”), Redness (“rubor”), Pain (“dolor”) |
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Term
| Process of inflammation can be triggered by |
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Definition
| Cells that are damaged by any means release prostaglandins, proteins, and potassium ions; Foreign proteins or pathogens |
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Term
| The events in inflammation |
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Definition
| tissue damage, mast cell activation, release of histamine and heparin, increased blood flow, clot formation, and phagocyte attraction |
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Term
| Breast feeding is an example of |
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Definition
| Naturally acquired passive immunity |
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Term
| antivenom is an example of |
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Definition
| artificially acquired passive immunity |
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Term
| getting sick with a virus is an example of |
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Definition
| naturally acquired active immunity |
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Term
| getting a flu shot is an example of |
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Definition
| artificially acquired active immunity |
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Term
| Species Barrier (you won’t get Distemper, Kennel Cough, Feline Leukemia, etc.) is an example of |
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Definition
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