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The Lymphatic System pt 2
defs and concepts for lecture test
178
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/16/2012

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Cards

Term
Give 4 major types of T cells
Definition

cytotoxic

memory

helper

suppressor

Term
cytotoxic T cells are also called? (2)
Definition

T c cells

 

(CD8)

Term

1.cytotoxic T cells fcn (2)

2.responsible for what type of immunity?

Definition

1.attatck foreign cells & virus infected 

 

2.cells responsible for:

 

cell mediated immunity

Term
memory T cell fcn (1)
Definition
clone more of themselves in response to a "remembered antigen"
Term
helper T cell also called? (1)
Definition
T H cells
Term
helper T cell fcn
Definition

help regulate immune response by

activate: CD8 T cells & B cells

Term

suppressor T cells are also called?

(abbrev)

Definition
T S cells
Term
How does antigen presentation work: T cell can only recognize antigens that are?
Definition
that are bound to glycoproteins in plasma membranes
Term

what are MHC proteins?(1)

function(1)

Definition

membrane glycoproteins that bind to antigens

 function:  antigen presentation

Term
What does MHC stand for?
Definition
major histocompatibility complex
Term
How  are MHC proteins determined?
Definition
genetically encoded in chromosome 6 differs amoung inviduals
Term
Types of MHC proteins include (2)
Definition

Class I (CD8)

 

Class II (CD4)

Term
Class I MHC proteins are found?
Definition
in membranes of all nucleated cells
Term
Class II MHC proteins are found? (2)
Definition

in membranes of:

antigen presenting cells (APCs) and lymphocytes

Term
fcn of Class I MHC proteins?
Definition
pick up small peptides in cell and carry them to the surface
Term
T cells are activated by ___ and ignore _____
Definition
abnormal peptides or viral peptides; normal peptides
Term
where are antigenic fragments come from?
Definition
they are from antigenic processing of pathogens
Term
antigenic fragments fcn (2)
Definition

1.bind to Class II MHC proteins & inserted into plasma membrane

 

2.to stimulate T cells

Term
APC are also called?
Definition
antigen presenting cells
Term
APC fcn (2)
Definition

1.bind antigens & process antigen

 

2.display antigen fragments to activate T cells against foreign cells and proteins

Term
Examples of Phagocytic APCs (3)
Definition

1.free & fixed macs

 

2.Kupffer cells

 

3.microglia

Term
free & fixed macs located (1)
Definition
connective tissue
Term
Kupffer cells located (1)
Definition
the liver
Term
microglia located(1)
Definition
CNS
Term
examples of non phagocytic APCs (2)
Definition
Langerhans & dendritic cells
Term
Langerhans located (1)
Definition
skin
Term
dendritic cells located (2)
Definition
lymph nodes & spleen
Term
Inactive T cell receptors recognize (2)
Definition
Class I or Class II MHC proteins specific antigen
Term
Binding occurs in a T cell receptor occurs
Definition
when MHC protein matches antigen
Term
CD markers are alo called?
Definition
cluster of differntiation markers
Term
CD markers are located (1)
Definition
T cell membrane
Term
name the CD compound found in all T cells?
Definition
CD3 Receptor Complex
Term
what is the name for the molecular mechansim for antigen recongiton?
Definition
CD markers
Term
How many CD markers are there?
Definition
70 each has their own #
Term
Two imporant CD markers are (2)
Definition

CD 4 (helper T cells)

& CD 8 (cytotoxic t cells)

Term
CD 8 markers are found (2)
Definition
cytotoxic T & suppressor T cells
Term
CD 8 markers fcn
Definition
respond to antigens on Class I MHC proteins
Term
CD 4 markers are found (1)
Definition
helper T cells
Term
CD 4 markers fcn
Definition
respond to antigens on Class II MHC proteins
Term
Both CD 4 & CD 8 markers (2)
Definition
bind to CD3 receptor complex prepare cell for activation
Term
For a T cell to be activated it must be _____
Definition
costimulated
Term
what is costimulation?
Definition
T cell must bind to a stimulating cell at a second site = which confirms the first signal
Term
how are CD8 T Cells activated?
Definition
by exposure to antigens on Class 1 MHC proteins
Term
the CD8 T Cells that respond quickly produces? (2)
Definition

cytotoxic T cells &

memory T cells

Term
the CD8 T Cells that responds slowly produces?
Definition
suppressor T cells
Term
overall fcn of cytotoxic t cells
Definition
Seek out and immediately destroy target cells (aka pathogens)
Term
Name 3 ways cytotoxic t cells destroy target cells?
Definition

Release perforin

Secrete poisonous lymphotoxin

Activate genes in target cell for apoptosis (programmed cell death)

 

Term
when a cytotoxic T cell Releases perforin , what occurs?
Definition
plasma membrane of antigen is destroyed
Term
when a cytotoxic T cell releases lymphotoxin , what occurs?
Definition
cell metabolism disrupted
Term
when a cytotoxic T cell ,Activate genes in target cell, what occurs?
Definition
apoptosis (cell death) is triggered
Term
Memory T Cells are produced
Definition

within cytotoxic T cells

 

(that's when CD 8 can quickly produce ctotoxic , slow is suppressor, 

*memory cells are ONLY produced form cytotoxic!)

Term
Memory TC Cells usually ______,& form into_________ if the same antigen is encountered again
Definition

1.stay in circulation,

2.cytotoxic T cells

Term

Suppressor T cells secrete (1)

fcn(1)

Definition

suppression factors

 Inhibit the responses of T and B cells

Term
Suppressor T cells act
Definition
after initial immune response
Term
How do suppressor t cells limit immune rxn?
Definition
Limit immune reaction to a single stimulus
Term
the Activation of CD4 T cells leads to
Definition
Active helper T cells (TH cells)
Term
helper T cells (TH cells) fcn
Definition

Secrete cytokines that stimulate:

cell-mediated (t cellls) & antibody mediated immunity

 (b cells differinate into plasma cells )

Term
Memory helper (TH) usually
Definition
remain in reserve
Term
4 fcns of helper t secreted cytokines
Definition

1.trigger: b cell division plasma maturation antibody production

2. stimulate T cell division: memory t helper cells

cytotoxic t cells mature

3. attract & stimulate macs

4.Enhance nonspecific defenses

Term
Antigen bound to Class I MHC protein causes what cells to be activated?
Definition
CD8 T Cells
Term
the activation of CD8 T Cells to causes what other cell types to be activated?(3)
Definition

Cytotoxic T Cells (fast)

Memory T Cells (fast)

Suppressor T Cells (slow)

 

Term
Cytotoxic T Cells fcn
Definition
Attack and destroy infected and abnormal cells displaying antigen
Term
Memory TC Cells fcn
Definition
Await reappearance of the antigen
Term
Suppressor T Cells fcn
Definition

Control or moderate immune response by

T cells and B cells

Term
Antigen bound to Class II MHC protein causes what cells to be activated?
Definition
CD4 T Cells
Term
the activation of CD4 T Cells to causes what other cell types to be activated?(2)
Definition

Helper T Cells

Memory (helper) TCells

Term
Helper T Cells fcn
Definition

Stimulate immune response by

T cells (cytotoxic active)

and

B cells (make antibodies from plasma cells)

Term
Responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
Definition
B Cells
Term
B Cells Attack antigens by (1)
Definition
producing specific antibodies
Term
what does it mean a B Cell is Sensitizatized?
Definition

antigens in interstitial fluids bind to B cell receptors

 

2•B cell prepares for activation

Term
During B Cell sensitization, antigens are:
Definition

Taken into the B cell 

Processed 

Reappear on surface,

bound to Class II MHC protein

Term
although a Sensitized B cell is prepared for activation it still needs ?
Definition
a helper T cell to be activated by same antigen
Term
although a Sensitized B cell is prepared for activation it still needs a Helper T cell to?
Definition

1.binds to MHC class 1 complex &

 

2.Secretes cytokines that promote B cell activation and division

Term
an Activated B cell divides into (2)
Definition

Plasma cells (antibodies)

 

Memory B cells

Term
Plasma Cells fcn
Definition
Synthesize and secrete antibodies into interstitial fluid
Term
Memory B Cells fcn
Definition
Link memory T cells, remain in reserve to respond to next infection
Term
Antibody Structure
Definition

2 parallel pairs of polypeptide chains

 

•1 pair of heavy chains

 

•1 pair of light chains

Term
Each chain contains (2)
Definition

Constant segments •

 

Variable segments

Term
Five Heavy-Chain Constant Segments fcn
Definition
Determine 5 types of antibodies
Term
five types of antibodies ex
Definition

1. IgG 2. IgE 3. IgD 4. IgM 5. IgA

 

*G.A.M.E.D.

 

* remembered produced by HEAVY chains

Term
Variable segements of Light and Heavy Chains Determine?
Definition
specificity of antibody molecule b/c they contains antigen binding sites
Term
antigen binding sites are located where on the variable segments of antibodies?
Definition
Free tips of 2 variable segments
Term
the antigen binding sites of antibody molecule can bind to
Definition
the antigenic deteriminant sites of the antigen molecule
Term
Antigen–Antibody Complex def
Definition
An antibody bound to an antigen
Term
A complete antigen has
Definition

2 antigenic determinant

sites that Binds to


both antigen-binding sites

 

of variable segments of antibody

Term
Exposure to a complete antigen leads to (1)
Definition

B cell sensitization

 

Immune response

Term
Partial Antigens aka
Definition

Haptens

(fakers)

Term
how do haptens work?
Definition
Must attach to a carrier molecule to ACT as a 'complete antigen;
Term

what are the dangers of haptens?

ex of this (1)

Definition

Antibodies produced will attack BOTH hapten and carrier molecule even if carrier is “normal”

aka: Antibody attacks normal cells •For example, penicillin allergy

Term
____ protein chains held together by a _____________ bond
Definition

4,

disulfide

Term
a IgG Heavy Chain concists of
Definition

1 constant segment

 

1 variable segment

Term
a IgG Heavy Chain binds to
Definition

Binds 1light chain :

At one end: Binds antigen

 

At other end: Binds complement in the constant region

Term
Five Classes of Antibodies include
Definition

IgG, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgA

 

 

G.A.M.E.D.

Term
IgG, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgA as a whole are also called?
Definition
immunoglobulins (Igs)
Term
immunoglobulins (Igs) are found?
Definition
found in body fluids
Term

IgG, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgA

How are they told apart?

Definition
heavy-chain *constant segments are different

 

all  antibodies are on the heavy chains

Term
IgG, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgA have any affect on antibody specificity?
Definition
NO!
Term
_____ is the largest and most diverse class of antibodies
Definition

IgG

 

G for me!

Term
80 % of all antibodies are
Definition
IgG
Term
IgG antibodies are responsible for resistance against what kind of toxins? (2)
Definition

viruses,

bacteria & their toxins

 

Term
How does IgG provide passive immunity to fetus?
Definition

Can cross the placenta,

 

and maternal IgG is given to fetus during embryological development

Term
hemolytic disease of the newborn, how is this caused?
Definition

Anti-Rh IgG antibodies produced by Rh-negative mothers

which attack

the newborn b/c it has Rh +

Term
How does IgE work (do its fcn)?
Definition

attaches as an individual molecule to the exposed surfaces of:

 

basophils &  mast cells

Term
What occurs when an antigen is bound by IgE molecules?
Definition

The cell is stimulated to release:

histamine and other chemicals that accelerate inflammation in the immediate area

Term
IgE is also important in
Definition
the allergic response
Term
How does IgB work (do its fcn)?
Definition
is an individual molecule on the it it located on the surfaces of B cells, where it can bind antigens in the extracellular fluid
Term
As a result of IgB binding to B cell, what else can occur?
Definition
help with sensitization of the B cell to activate antibody production
Term
______is the first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered
Definition
IgM
Term
When IgM concentration _______ , IgG production ___________
Definition
decreases;increases
Term
Alhtough ,IgM concentration declines as IgG production accelerates, whose titer value is higher initially?
Definition
IgM (it is the first antibody secreted)
Term
The measure of antibody level in the plasma is called?
Definition
titer
Term
Which cell type secretes IgM molecules
Definition
plasma cells
Term
IgM are secreted as _______molecules but tend to ___________when in circulation
Definition

individual,

polymerizes to a 5-antibody starburst

Term
The anti-A and anti-B antibodies responsible for the agglutination of incompatible blood types are
Definition
IgM
Term
IgM antibodies may also attack bacteria that are
Definition
insensitive to IgG (IgG doesnt kill them)
Term
__________________ is found primarily in glandular secretions such as mucus, tears, saliva, and semen
Definition
IgA
Term
IgA Overall fcn
Definition
Attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues
Term
IgA antibodies circulate in ______ as
Definition
blood; individual molecules or in pairs
Term
How do Epithelial cells make IgA antibodies soluable?
Definition

Epithelial cells absorb them from blood

and attach a secretory piece before secreting IgA molecules onto the epithelial surface

Term
The binding of an antibody to an antigen (Antigen–Antibody Complexes) can result in: (7)
Definition

1.neturalization of antigen binding sites (can’t bind to other cells)

2.formation of immune complex 3.Activation of complement

4.Attraction of phagocytes 5.Opsonization increasing phagocyte efficiency

6.Stimulation of inflammation 7.Prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion

Term
what is an immune complex?
Definition

insoluble 3-D interaction bwn :

antibodies and their antigenic targets

Term
Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigen Exposure Occur in (2)
Definition
both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity
Term
the First exposure to antigen produces
Definition
initial primary response
Term
For a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen:
Definition
the antigen must bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface
Term
the Next exposure to antigen produces _____ which is __________ which cell type are up& ready?
Definition

secondary response •

More extensive and prolonged •

 

Memory cells already primed

Term
Why does the primary response take time to develope?
Definition

After Antigens activate appropriate B cells B cells differentiate into Plasma  cells

 

B cells Might differentiate immediately or go through several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma and memory cells

Term
During the primary response the Antibody titer (level) _________ and peaks
Definition

slowly rises,

 

1-2 weeks after initial exposure

Term
The Primary Response's Peak response can take _______ to finally occur? and declines
Definition

take  2 weeks to develop,

rapidly

Term
In the primary response ______ is produced faster than _____ which is ____ effective
Definition

IgM is produced faster than IgG,

 

less

Term
Antibody levels don’t peak until _________________ after an initial exposure
Definition
1-2 weeks after exposure
Term
The Secondary Response Activates
Definition
memory B cells
Term
during The Secondary Response memory B cells can be activated in _______ antigen concentrations than original B cells
Definition

lower (aka the immune system is prepared)

 

aka in the 2nd respone it takes LESS of the antigen to iniate a response

Term
In the secondary response antibodies are
Definition

Secreted in massive quantities

 

(1st response: antibody levels slowly rise)

Term
what Effects does Memory B Cell Activation have on IgM & IgG
Definition

IgM: Production is quicker & is slightly extended

 

IgG: Rises very high and very quickly Can remain elevated for extended time

Term

Give Combined Responses to Bacterial Infection include:

what white blood cells are activated? complement system antigen presentation causes?

Definition

Neutrophils and NK cells begin killing bacteria

Cytokines draw phagocytes to area •Antigen presentation activates:

•Helper T cells  activate:

Cytotoxic T cells &B cells activate and

differentiate •Plasma cells increase antibody levels

Term
The Course of the Body’s Response to a Bacterial Infection: who responds immediatly (0 weeks) to an antigen
Definition
neutrophils & NK cells
Term
The Course of the Body’s Response to a Bacterial Infection: who responds after 1 week?
Definition
macrophages
Term
The Course of the Body’s Response to a Bacterial Infection: who responds after 1 week (after macs)
Definition
cytotoxic t cells
Term
The Course of the Body’s Response to a Bacterial Infection: who responds after 2 weeks?
Definition
Plasma cells produce antibodies
Term
The Course of the Body’s Response to a Bacterial Infection: who responds after 2 weeks we can a rise in (as a result of antibody production)
Definition
antibody titer
Term
which cells are activated by contact with virus-infected cells?
Definition
cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
Term
fcn of eospinophils
Definition

1.destruction of antigen-antibody complexes

 

2.suppress inflammation (opposite of basophil)

3. participate in allergic response

Term
what is immunological competence
Definition
Ability to demonstrate an immune response following exposure to an antigen
Term
a fetus is usually immunological competent at what age?
Definition
3 to 4 months
Term
how does an infant Develope Immunological Competence?
Definition

1.Fetal thymus cells migrate to :

tissues that form T cells 

 

2.Liver and bone marrow: produce B cells

 

3. 4 month fetus produces IgM antibodies

Term
Immune System Development Before Birth:
Definition

Maternal IgG antibodies

•Pass through placenta •

 

Provide passive immunity to fetus

Term
Immune System Development After Birth:
Definition
Mother’s milk provides IgA antibodies •While passive immunity is lost
Term
what antibody does an Infant produce through exposure to antigens?
Definition
IgG
Term
what age does Antibody, B cell, and T cell levels slowly rise to adult levels?
Definition
12
Term
Cytokines
Definition
Chemical messengers in the form of horomones & paracrine like glycoproteins involved in cellular immunity
Term
Examples of cytokines (4)
Definition

Interferons •

Interleukins •

Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) •Thymosins

Term
3 fcns of interleukins
Definition
1.Increasing T cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes 2.Stimulating B cell activity, plasma cell formation and antibody production 3.Enhance nonspecific defense 4.Moderating the immune response
Term
nonspecific defenses activated by interleukins include (2)
Definition
•Stimulation of inflammation (mast cells) Elevation of body temperature (pyrogens)
Term
the secretion of adrenocorticotroic hormone (ACTH) is a ______defense
Definition
NONspecific
Term
adrenocorticotroic hormone (ACTH) is released by
Definition
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Term
how do interleukins Moderate the immune response
Definition
interleukins help suppress immune function and shorten the immune response (negative feedback)
Term
which interleukins are important in stimulating and maintaining the immune response
Definition
IL-1 and IL-2
Term
IL-1 and IL-2 are released by
Definition
activated macrophages
Term
IL-1 and IL-2 fcn
Definition

stimulate the activities of other immune cells and of the secreting cells =

 

positive feedback loop that helps to recruit additional immune cells

Term
3 Types of Interferons
Definition

Alpha-interferons

 

Beta

 

Gamma

Term
Alpha-interferons are produced by
Definition
leukocytes
Term
Alpha-interferons fcn
Definition
Stimulate NK cells
Term
Beta interferons are produced by
Definition
fibrocytes *recall they produce fibrin to help repair damage tissue
Term
Beta interferons fcn
Definition
Slow inflammation
Term
Gamma interferons are secreted by
Definition
T cells and NK cells
Term
Gamma interferons fcn
Definition
Stimulate macrophage activity
Term
TNFs are
Definition
Tumor Necrosis Factors
Term
Tumor Necrosis Factors PRIMARY fcn
Definition
slow the growth of a tumor and kill sensitive tumor cells
Term
TNFs are secreted by
Definition
active macs & cytotoxic t cells (each secrete a diff type of TNF)
Term
additional fcns of TNFs
Definition
stimulate granular leukocyte production, promote eosinophil activity, cause fever, and increase T cell sensitivity to interleukins
Term
Phagocyte-Activating Chemicals fcn
Definition
factors that attract free macrophages and microphages and dont let them leave early from the site of an injury
Term
Phagocyte-Activating Chemicals are secreted by
Definition
cytokines
Term
Colony-Stimulating Factors produced by
Definition
active T cells, cells of the monocyte-macrophage group, endothelial cells, fibrocytes
Term
Colony-Stimulating Factors fcn
Definition
stimulate the production of: blood cells in red bone marrow lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and organs
Term
Lymphokines are produced by
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
Monokines are secreted by
Definition
active macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells
Term
lymphocytes and macrophages may secrete the same cytokines, t or f
Definition
true, the terms lymphokines and monokines are misleading
Term
adaptive defenses and tissue repair also use _____ to activate their pathways
Definition
cytokines
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