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The Lymphatic, Immune, and Respiratory Systems
N/A
58
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/01/2010

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Term
Lymph
Definition
interstitial fluid in the lymphatic system; contains plasma proteins; flows only to the heart
Term
Lymph Vessel Structure
Definition
embedded in the loose CT; very permeable due to minivalves between the endothelial cells; collagen filaments anchor the vessels to the loose CT; very thin
Term
Right Lymphatic & Thoracic Duct
Definition
where lymphatic system dumps interstitial fluid back into the blood stream. all lymphatic vessels lead to these two ducts
Term
lacteals
Definition
lymphatic capillaries in the intestines
Term
Peyer's patches
Definition
groups of lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosa
Term
appendix
Definition
tubular offshoot of large intestine; contains lymph follicles
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
principal lymphoid organs: 1. filter lymph 2. activates lymphocytes
Term
tonsils
Definition
simplest lymphoid organs: palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, tubal; trap bacteria from the mouth
Term
spleen
Definition
largest lymphoid organ; follicles of inactivated lymphocytes; lymphocyte proliferation site; involved in immune surveillance and blood cleansing
Term
thymus
Definition
bilobed organ inferior to the thyroid gland; important in T lymphocyte proliferation early in life; involutes into fatty, fibrous tissue after adolescence
Term
lymphadenopathy
Definition
any disease of the lymph nodes
Term
lymphoma
Definition
any neoplasm of lymphoid tissue; Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's
Term
pathogens
Definition
harmful or disease-causing microorganisms
Term
phagocytes
Definition
calls that "eat" pathogens
Term
natural killer (NK) cells
Definition
defensive cells that can kill cancer cells and virus infected cells before adaptive immunity is activated
Term
interferons
Definition
small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells; tells other, uninfected calls to produce proteins that prevents infection
Term
complement
Definition
a afmily of 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood; these proteins activate each other in the presence of a pathogen and amplify the inflammation response
Term
innate immunity
Definition
always present; always there
Term
adaptive immunity
Definition
more powerful but slower acting
Term
B lymphocytes
Definition
humoral immunity; antibody-producing cells
Term
T lymphocytes
Definition
cell-mediated immunity
Term
inflammation
Definition
the body's response to trauma or infection; four hallmarks: redness, heat, swelling, paing
Term
nasal septum
Definition
the midline that divides the nasal cavities
Term
vibrissae
Definition
nose hairs; filter course particles from inspired hair
Term
concha
Definition
3 scroll-like mucosa-covered projections protruding medially from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity; provide turbulence for inspired air
Term
paranasal sinuses
Definition
in ring format; lighten skull, warm air; located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary bones
Term
pharynx
Definition
connects nasal cavity and mouth: naso-, oro-, laryngo-
Term
nasopharynx
Definition
top third of pharynx; only an air passageway; closed by soft plate palate during swallowing to prevent food from entering nasal cavity
Term
adenoids
Definition
pharyngeal tonsils; high on the back wall of nasopharynx; trap/destroy inspired pathogens
Term
tubal tonsil
Definition
ridge of pharyngeal mucosa; arches over auditory tubes in nasopharynx; protect middle ear against infection
Term
tubal tonsil
Definition
ridge of pharyngeal mucosa; arches over auditory tubes in nasopharynx; protect middle ear against infection
Term
oropharynx
Definition
food and air traffic; site of palatine and lingual tonsils
Term
laryngopharynx
Definition
food and air traffic; site of the larynx
Term
larynx
Definition
voice box; continuous with trachea; 3 functions: provide an open airway, switching mechanism to rout air and food; voice production
Term
thyroid cartilage
Definition
"adams apple"; forms shield (2 plates) at larynx
Term
epiglottis
Definition
elastic cartilage, covered in taste buds; anchors onto thyroid cartilage; covers lower larynx during swallowing; keeps food out of resp, system; doesn't work when unconscious
Term
true vocal cords
Definition
mucosal folds within the vocal ligaments; vibrate to produce sound
Term
glottis
Definition
vocal folds plus the space between them through which air passes
Term
false vocal cords
Definition
superior to the vocal folds; close glottis during swallowing; play no part in sound production
Term
trachea
Definition
extends from the larynx; reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings; conducts air towards the lungs; divides into two primary bronchi
Term
bronchus
Definition
L and R primary, secondary, tertiary, and radial from the bronchial tree; filter and warm incoming air
Term
alveoli
Definition
microscopic chambers at termini or bronchial tree; were gas exchange occurs; looks like clusters of grapes
Term
type I cells
Definition
simple squamous cells that compose the alveolar walls; secrete angiotensin converting enzyme which regulates blood presure
Term
type II cells
Definition
found between the alveoli; secrete surfactant that coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces -> reduces surface tension
Term
dust cells
Definition
macrophages found between the alveoli that gobble up fine-particle debris
Term
lungs
Definition
paired composite organs found in pleural cavity of thorax; elastic CT allows expansion and retraction; layered by a thin, double-layered pleurae; contains the bronchial tree
Term
bronchial tree
Definition
primary -> secondary -> tertiary -> terminal bronchioles
Term
respiratory zone
Definition
the actual site of gas exchange; alveoli and respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
Term
conducting zone
Definition
all other respiratory passageways; provide conduits for air to reach resp. zone
Term
inspiration
Definition
breathing in air
Term
expiration
Definition
breathing out air
Term
Henry's law
Definition
when a mixture of gases comes into contact with a liquid, each gas in the mixture will dissolve into the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure; therefore the greater the concentration of the gas, the more and faster it will go into a solution
Term
aspiration
Definition
the act of inhaling or drawing something into the lungs, usually a liquid
Term
tracheotomy
Definition
surgical opening if the trachea to provide an alternate route for air to reach the lungs
Term
Valsalva's maneuver
Definition
during abdominal strain associated with defecation, the glottis closes the prevent exhalation and the abdominal muscles contract, helping to empty the rectum; also stabilizes the trunk during heavy lifting
Term
hypocapnia
Definition
low CO2 levels in the blood; usually due to hyperventilation, breathing in a bag brings CO2 level up and corrects the blood pH
Term
epistaxis
Definition
clinical term for a nosebleed; due to trauma or excessive nose-blowing or dry mucosa
Term
orthopnea
Definition
the inability to breath in the horizontal position -> sleep apnea
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