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The Lymphatic System
Overview of the lymphatic system
54
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/07/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Name the two main functions of the lymphatic system.
Definition

1) To filter excess fluid and return it to the blood

 

2) Defend against pathogens and disease causing organisms

Term
What is the body's ability to ward off damage or disease?
Definition
Immunity
Term

What are the two types of immunity?

Definition

1) Innate

 

2) Adaptive

Term
Describe Innate Immunity
Definition

1) Defense present at birth

2) Doesn't recognize specific pathogens

3) acts very quickly and effectively to fight off infections

4) Includes 1st line of defense: Skin & Mucous membranes and 2nd line of defense: phagocytes, inflammatory response, and fever

Term
Describe Adaptive Immunity
Definition

1) Not present at birth

2) Ability to recognize specific microbes

3) Ability to remember pathogens if they come back into contact with your body later on

4) Acts more slowly than Innate Immunity

5) Includes lymphocytes (T cells & B cells)

Term

True or False?

 

The tonsils are considered part of the lymphatic tissues  under a category known as MALT.

Definition
True
Term
What does MALT stand for?
Definition
Mucosa Associated with the Lymphatic Tissues
Term
What makes up the Lymphatic System?
Definition

1) Lymph

2) Lymphatic vessels

3) Lymphatic Tissues (including lymph nodes)

4) Red Bone Marrow (key in WBC production)

Term

True or False?

 

Interstitial fluid moves back and forth among lymphatic capillaries.

Definition

False.

 

Interstitial fluid can only move ONE-WAY INTO the lymphatic capillaries.

Term
Where to lymphatic vessels drain into?
Definition
Internal Jugular Veins & Subclavian Veins
Term
Name 3 examples of lymphatic tissues.
Definition

Thymus, Lymph Nodes, Spleen

 

Term
What are the main functions of the Thymus?
Definition

1) T-cells mature in the thymus

 

2) it populates other lymphatic tissues with

T-cells

Term

True or False?

 

The thymus in an older person is larger than that of a child.

Definition

False.

 

The thymus becomes smaller in an older person because it decreases in size over time.

Term

Lymph Nodes

 

1) About how many do we have?

2)How big are they?

3)Where are they located?

Definition

1) We have approximately 600

 

2) They are 1-25 mm in size

 

3) They are found in the throat, axillary region (armpitt), and groin region.

Term

True or False?

 

Lymph nodes act as "Pitt" stops for lymphatic fluid where B cells and T cells can attack pathogens.

Definition

True.

 

Macrophages also help in this process.

Term
What is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue?
Definition
The Spleen
Term
What happens when blood enters the spleen?
Definition

1) Blood enters through the splenic artery

2) Enters "White" pulp - contains B & T cells and carries out immune functions

3) Enters "Red" Pulp - contains mostly macrophages that help engulf and phagocytize old, worn out cells

Term

Innate Immunity - 1st line of defense

 

Name examples of defense agents on the skin and in mucous membranes.

Definition

1) Skin - Salts, antimicrobial agents (Oil), Ph, Keratin

2) Mucous membranes contain mucous to trap particles

 

Note - The epidermis is constantly sloughing off or shedding

 

Term

Innate Immunity

2nd Line of Defense: Internal Defenses

 

How do Natural Killer Cells  protect the body?

Definition

They patrol in the blood, spleen, and lymphatic tissues looking for any invaders to the body.

 

They can also attack you own body's cells that display unusual proteins in their membranes. This would note that the cells have been infected or are defective/damaged for example Cancer Cells.

 

 

Term
What methods do NK Cells use to attack?
Definition

1) They attatch to a cell, insert a protein known as perforin which creates an opening in the cell. This allows fluid to enter the cell until it bursts.

 

2) They can also release an enzyme called granyzyme that causes the cell to kill itself or undergo apoptosis.

Term
Name the steps of Phagocytosis.
Definition

1) Chemotaxis - movement in response to chemicals

2) Adhere- the cell adheres to the phagocyte

3) Ingestion - the phagocyte extends pseudopods (false foot) to surround the microbe in a small packet or phagosomence

4) Digestion - phagosome merges with lysosome

5) Killing

Term

True or false?

Adaptive immunity works based on antigens.

Definition
True. It protects the body against specific pathogens.
Term
What types of cells are associated with Adaptive immunity?
Definition
B-cells & T-cells
Term
What types of cells are associated with Innate Immunity?
Definition
Phagocytes, Natural Killers Cells, Neutrophils, Macrophages
Term
Name some examples of antigens.
Definition
Flagella, molecules in the cell wall,pollen, proteins in shellfish
Term
Name the two types of Adaptive Immunity
Definition

Cell-Mediated Immunity

&

Antibody Mediated Immunity

Term
What is cell mediated immunity?
Definition
It works best against pathogens that are INSIDE the cell
Term
What is antibody mediated immunity?
Definition
It works best on pathogens that are OUTSIDE the cell
Term
Where do T cells mature?
Definition
In the Thymus
Term
Where do B cells Mature?
Definition
In the Red Bone Marrow
Term
Name the two types of T cells.
Definition

1) Helper T Cells

2) Cytotoxic T Cells

Term

True or False?

Helper T cells are toxic to cells and do most of the killing.

Definition

False.

 

Cytotoxic T Cells are Toxic to the cells and are killers.

Term
What type of cells are involved in cell mediated immunity?
Definition
T Cells (mostly cytotoxic)
Term
What type of cells are involved in antibody mediated immunity?
Definition
B Cells
Term
What happens to B cells once they become activated by an antigen?
Definition
They then differentiate into Plase Cells which are responsible for making antibodies
Term
What are molecules identified as foreign that have the ability to initiate an immune response?
Definition
antigens
Term
What are proteins that are produced by plasma cells to bind to specific antigens?
Definition
antibodies
Term
What is the process called when lymphocytes divide/multiply and differentiate into clones that have a specific antigen receptor?
Definition
Clonal Selection
Term
What must occur before clonal selection takes place?
Definition
The cell must recognize its specific antigen
Term

True or False?

Each antigen receptor only recognizes ONE antigen.

Definition
True
Term
What are the two types of cells produced in clonal selection?
Definition

Effector cells - those involved in destruction of the antigen

 

Memory Cells - not involved in initial immune response - act later on

Term
Name the types of effector & memory T cells that are produced in clonal selection.
Definition

Effector - Active helper T cells

-Active cytotoxic T Cells

 

Memory - Memory helper T Cells

-Memory cytotoxic T cells

Term
Name the types of B cells produced in clonal selection.
Definition

Effector - Plasma Cells

 

Memory - Memory B cells

Term
What are major histocompatibility antigens?
Definition
Self antigens that your body recognizes as its own and therefore doesn't attack them
Term
What is the most unique thing about you?
Definition
MHC Antigen
Term

True or False?

 

Identical Twins have the SAME MHC Antigen.

Definition
True
Term

True or False?

 

T cells recognize their antigens on their own, however B cells need B cell receptors to recognize their antigens.

Definition

False.

 

B cells are able to recognize their own antigens.

 

T cells however need antigen presenting cells to recognize their antigens.

Term
What is another name for CD4?
Definition
Helper T cells
Term
What is another name for CD8?
Definition
Cytotoxic T Cells
Term
When a cell recognizes that it has the receptor for a specific antigen it is known as _______.
Definition
activation
Term
Name the 4 types of antibodies
Definition

Neutrolizing - neutrolize the action of the antigen by blocking it from producing its toxins or binding to your body's cells

 

Immobilizing - binds with antigens on flagella to diable it from moving

 

Agglutination - causes the antigen to cross link and clump together

 

Enhancing Phagocytosis - when it binds to the antigen it flags it for destruction

Term
How do vaccines work?
Definition
Vaccines give us a dead version of the virus by exposing us to the antigen not the active pathogen. Our body produces antibodies against the antigen to aid in fighting off the infection should we become exposed to it again.
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