-Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

-restored the bourbon monarchy to France in the person of Louis XVIII

-agreed to meet at congress in Vienna in September 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement

-the alliance was reaffirmed in November 1815

-the four countries renewed their commitment agains any attempted restoration of bonapartist power and agreed to meet periodically in conferences to discuss their common interests in maintaining peace in europe

-becomes a quintuple alliance when they agreed to withdraw their army of occupation from france and to add france to the concert of europe  in one of their periodic congresses/meetings

-signed on 30 May, 1814

-established peace between france and the quadruple alliance following their warring (napoleonic wars)

-British foreign from 1812

-helped defeat napoleon

-was essential at the congress of vienna

-During 1814, he worked with leaders at the congress of vienna to provide a peace in europe consistent with his conservative foreign policy

-He was responsible for many repressive domestic measures

-Austrian foreign minister

-leader of the congress of Vienna

-1773-1859

-claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACY

-to reestablish peace and stability in Europe, he considered it necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions

-it was necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs to maintain peace and stability because they’ll preserve traditional institutions

-was used in the restoration of the bourbons in france and spain 

-created by the congress of vienna

-the leaders in vienna wanted to weaken france so it could no longer wage wars and threaten the balance of power

-the congress of vienna encircled france with strengthened powers as boundaries

-the european states agreed to not attack each other and to attack anyone who broke this rule

-lasted until the unification of germany in 1871

-Emperor Napoleon I of France returns from exile in Elba to Paris on 20 March, 1815, and tries to rule again from Paris

-meanwhile, the congress of vienna is in session

-Following the failed campaign at waterloo, Napoleon I was replaeced with King Louis XVIII, the second restoration on 20 March, 1815

-attempt to maintain traditional social policies such as monarchy and a traditional religion

-a book by Edmund Burke about the revolution in france

-maintaining the old order

-the effort to achieve consensus on foreign policy issues was known as the concert of europe, b/w the quadruple alliance

-The principle of intervention allowed the great powers to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.

-established at the congress of vienna

-helped latin america successfully gain independence from spain

-venezuelan

-1783-1830

-

-a political philosophy (Toryism) commonly regarded as based on a traditionalist and conservative view

-Tories generally advocate monarchism, are usually of a High Church Anglican religious heritage, and are opposed to the radical liberalism of the Whig faction

-"God, King, and Country"

- a political party active in the early 19th century in the United States

-Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism

-trade laws designed to protect cereal producers in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland against competition from less expensive foreign importsbetween 1815 and 1846.

-very expensive import taxes that prevented people from purchasing corn from foreign countries so that british farmers could reap fair profits

-he reigned as King of France and of Navarre from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.

-the last bourbon ruler

-his reign ended in the july revolution of 1830

-vigorously opposed republicanism, liberalism, and constitutionalism

-discontent led to three days of rioting in july 1830

-created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries and to replace the former Holy Roman Empire

-a loose association of 39 German states in Central Europe

a special type of Studentenverbindungen (student fraternities). Burschenschaften were founded in the 19th century as associations of university students inspired by liberal and nationalistic ideas.

-A multinational state is a sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations

-emperor Francis Joseph accepted the offer of tsar nicholas I to help defeat the hungarians

-a joint invasion of russian and austrian forces crushed hungarian resistance->Austria-Hungary

-served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and the first Russian King of Poland from 1815 to 1825

-ruled Russia during the chaotic period of the Napoleonic Wars

-In the first half of his reign Alexander tried to introduce liberal reforms, while in the second half his conduct became much more arbitrary, which led to the revocation of many earlier reforms

-the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855

-known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs

-took place in Imperial Russia on 26 December 1825

-Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne 

-nicholas I suppressed this revolt

 -a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality

- generally they support ideas such as free and fair elections,civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private property

-Liberalism first became a distinct political movement during the Age of Enlightenment, when it became popular among philosophers andeconomists in the Western World

-Liberalism rejected the notions, common at the time, of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, and the Divine Right of Kings. 

-the ideological belief in organizing the economy on individualist lines, meaning that the greatest possible number of economic decisions are made by individuals and not by collective institutions or organizations

-based on strong support for a market economy and private property in the means of production

-published in 1798 by Rvd Thomas Robert Malthus

-depicts Iron Law of Population 

-This theory suggested that growing population rates would contribute to a rising supply of labour that would inevitably lower wages. In essence, Malthus feared that continued population growth would lend itself to poverty.

- fueled the debate about the size of the population in Britain and led to (or at least greatly accelerated) the passing of the Census Act 1800

This theory suggested that growing population rates would contribute to a rising supply of labour that would inevitably lower wages.

that government should be neutral between competing conceptions of the good

a belief system, creed or political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a nation

-August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831

-a German philosopher, and a major figure in german idealism

-His historicist and idealist account of reality revolutionized European philosophy and was an important precursor to Continental philosophy and marxism

-Hegel developed a comprehensive philosophical framework, or "system", of Absolute idealism to account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and nature, the subject and object of knowledge, psychology, the state, history, art,religion, and philosophy

-an economic system characterised by social ownership of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy.

-A socialist economic system would consist of a system of production and distribution organized to directly satisfy economic demands and human needs, so that goods and services would be produced directly for use instead of for private profit

-a French early socialist theorist whose thought influenced the foundations of various 19th century philosophies; perhaps most notably Marxism, positivism and the discipline of sociology

-In opposition to the feudal and military system he advocated a form of state-technocratic socialism, an arrangement where industrialists would lead society and found a national community based on cooperation and technological progress, which would be capable of eliminating poverty of the lower classes.

-a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.

-based on three concepts:

-First, no one was responsible for his will and his own actions because his whole character is formed independently of himself; people are products of their heredity and environment, hence his support for education and labour reform.

-Second, all religions are based on the same ridiculous imagination, that make man a weak, imbecile animal; a furious bigot and fanatic; or a miserable hypocrite

-Third, support for the putting-out system instead of the factory system^[

-industrial systems led to an extreme reorganization of the workplace 

-the 9-5 workday structure became common with the institution of factories and factory labor

-a socialist writer and activist

-1803-1844

-She was one of the founders of modern feminism

- She wrote several works, the best known of which are Peregrinations of a Pariah (1838), Promenades in London (1840), and The Workers' Union (1843).

-french

6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850

-was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the July Monarchy

-He was the last king to rule France, although Emperor Napoleon III would serve as its last monarch.

-led by adolphe thiers

-favored ministerial responsibility, the pursuit of an active foreign policy, and limited expansion of the franchise

-is a federal state in Western Europe

-Upon its independence, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa

-an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales

-The Act which finally succeeded was proposed by the Whigs, led by the Prime Minister Lord Grey. 

-The Act granted seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution, and took away seats from the "rotten boroughs"—those with very small populations

-The Act also increased the number of individuals entitled to vote, increasing the size of the electorate

-was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdompassed by the Whig government of Earl Grey that reformed the country's poverty relief system 

-the republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coupby Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire. 

-The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the "Social and Democratic Republic" and a liberal form of Republic, which exploded during the June Days Uprising of 1848.

-The Republic of Alba was created in 1796 as a French client republic in Piedmont before the area was annexed by France in 1801

-In thecongress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont was restored

-Post 1848 revolution, could arrest on suspicion of revolution

-named after the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania street on which it was located,

-was the first prison built in the United States to use individual cells and work details.

-an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850

- Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature

-while for much of the peak Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, in the long term its effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant.

-28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832

-a Germanwriter, artist, and politician. 

-In England, partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the Oxford Movement and others associated with the emerging revival of 'high church' or Anglo-Catholic ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century, neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecclesiastical, civic and institutional architecture.

-15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832

-a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, popular throughout much of the world during his time

-7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850

- helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication lyrical ballads

-english

-26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863

-a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school

- his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement

-1770-1827

-a German composer and pianist

- crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras inWestern art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers

-by the French author François-René de Chateaubriand, written during his exile in England in the 1790s as a defence of the Catholic faith, then under attack during the French Revolution. 

-published in France in 1802

-In 1860–61, Napoleon III made more concessions to placate his liberal opponents.

-He allowed free debates in Parliament to be held and published, relaxed press censorship, and appointed the LiberalÉmile Ollivier as Prime Minister in 1869.

-He hoped to revive parliamentary life, foster the creation of political parties, and exercise his power indirectly, by working through the parliament

-1853-1856

-a conflict between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. 

-the war was over the influence of the ottoman empire

-it "introduced technical changes which affected the future course of warfare", including the first tactical use of railways and the electric telegraph.

-is also famous for the work of Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole, who pioneered modern nursing practices while caring for wounded British soldiers

-The Crimean War was one of the main causes of the demise of The Concert of Europe, the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and which had included France, Russia, Austria and the British Empire

-king of Sardinia from 1849 until, on 17 March 1861, he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878

-reigned as King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861

-In politics he was conservative and he crucially rejected the title of German Emperor offered to him by the Frankfurt parliament in 1849.

-As Minister of War 1859–1873 Roon, along with Otto von Bismarck and Helmuth von Moltke, was a dominating figure in Prussia's government during the key decade of the 1860s, when a series of successful wars against Denmark, Austria and France led to German unification under Prussia's leadership

-A conservative and reactionary supporter of the monarchy, heAlbrecht von Roon was an avid modernizer who worked to improve the efficiency of the army.

-Began with the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871,

-went to 1918, when germany became a federal republic after its defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm I

-it then became the weimar republic

-1861

-the first and most important of liberal reforms effected during the reign of Alexander II of Russia.

-The reform, together with a related reform, amounted to the liquidation of serf dependence previously suffered by peasants of the Russian Empire. 

-proclaimed the emancipation of the serfs on private estates and of the domestic (household) serfs. By this edict more than 23 million people received their liberty

-1784-1865

-a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century

-began his parliamentary career as a Tory and concluding it as a Liberal.

-1809-1898

-a British Liberal statesman. 

-was prime minister on four separate occasions becoming the oldest prime minister by the end->very popular

-1804-1881

-a British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative statesman and literary figure

-played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846

-a business entity which is owned by shareholders. 

-Each shareholder owns the portion of the company in proportion to his or her ownership of the company's shares

-they were Germen social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, 

-a short 1848 publication written by the political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 

-Commissioned by the Communist League, it laid out the League's purposes and program. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and present) and the problems of capitalism, rather than a prediction of communism's potential future forms

-a philosophy of science based on the view that information derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports ofsensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge

-observation, scientific revolution

-painting by jean-françois millet, 1865

-considered to be the founder of modern bacteriology,

-is known for his role in identifying the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and for giving experimental support for the concept of infectious disease

-3 February 1821 – 31 May 1910

-was the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States, as well as the first woman on the UK Medical Register.

-was the first openly identified woman to graduate from medical school, a pioneer in promoting the education of women in medicine in the United States, and a social and moral reformer in both the United States and in England.