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The Integumentary System
lecture 9/27/11
29
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/27/2011

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Term
Functions of the Integumentary System
Definition
PROTECTION
Body temperature regulation
Cutaneous sensations
Metabolic functions
Blood reservoir
Excretion
Term
Chemical Protection:
Definition
Low pH secretions retard bacterial activity
Term
Protection/Physical/mechanical barriers:
Definition
Keratin and glycolipids block most water and water- soluble substances
Limited penetration of skin by lipid-soluble substances, plant oleoresins (e.g., poison ivy), organic solvents, salts of heavy metals, some drugs
Term
Protection/Biological barriers
Definition
macrophages
Term
Function/Body temperature regulation
Definition
~500 ml/day of routine perspiration (at normal body temperature)
At elevated temperature, dilation of dermal vessels and increased sweat gland activity cool the body
Term
Function/Cutaneous sensations
Definition
Temperature, touch, and pain
Term
functions/Metabolic
Definition
Synthesis of vitamin D precursor and collagenase
Term
Function/Blood reservoir—
Definition
up to 5% of body’s blood volume
Term
Function/excretion
Definition
nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat
Term
Integument Consists of three major regions:
Definition
Epidermis—superficial region
Dermis—middle region
Hypodermis (superficial fascia)—deepest region
Subcutaneous layer deep to skin (not technically part of skin)
Mostly adipose tissue
Term
Epidermis
Definition
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Cells of epidermis
Keratinocytes—produce fibrous protein keratin
Melanocytes
10–25% of cells in lower epidermis
Produce pigment melanin
Tactile (Merkel) cells—touch receptors
Term
Stratum corneum
Definition
Most superficial layer s of dead
cells represented only by flat membranous
sacs filled with keratin
Protects from abrasion and penetration
Waterproofs
Barrier against biological, chemical, physical assaults
Term
Stratum granulosum
Definition
Three to five layers of flattened cells,
organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of
granules
Term
Stratum spinosum
Definition
Several layers of keratinocytes
Cells contain thick bundles of
intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
prickly.
Term
Stratum basale
Definition
Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively
mitotic stem cells; Active stem cells – 25-45
days to the skin surface
Term
Dermis
Definition
Strong, flexible connective tissue
2 layers: papillary, reticular
Term
Dermis/papillary
Definition
Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
Dermal papillae contain:
Capillary loops
Meissner’s corpuscles
Free nerve endings
Term
Dermis/reticular
Definition
~80% of the thickness of dermis
Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency
Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
Term
Three pigments contribute to skin color:
Definition
melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin
Term
Appendages of the Skin:
Definition
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Hairs and hair follicles
Nails
Term
appendages/sweat glands
Definition
Two main types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Eccrine
Apocrine
Eccrine sweat glands—abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes
Term
appendages/sweat glands types 2
Definition
Term
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
Definition
Widely distributed
Most develop from hair follicles
Become active at puberty
Sebum
Oily secretion
Bactericidal
Softens hair and skin
Term
appendages/hair/structure
Definition
Consists of dead keratinized cells
Contains hard keratin; more durable than soft keratin of skin
Hair pigments: melanins (yellow, rust brown, black)
Gray/white hair: decreased melanin production, increased air bubbles in shaft
Term
appendages/NAILS/structure
Definition
modification of the epidermis on the distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes
Term
Define the term histology.
Definition
study of tissues
Term
List and compare the four major tissue types.
Definition
Term
function and structure of different types of membranes
Definition
Term
ADD CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Definition
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