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The immune system
for exam 7/30/2009
31
Anatomy
Not Applicable
07/29/2009

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Term
Body Defense
Definition

- Non specific resistance: general mechanism, multiple targets,more primative

-Specific Resistance: specific, single target, more sophisticated

 

Term
Examples of Non-specific resistance
Definition

-Species resistance:different species get different diseases

-Mechanical barriers:skin

-Enzyme action:enzymes to digest pathogens (tears)

-interferon:collection of inactive proteins that block viral replication

-Inflammation:traps the pathogen

Term
Characteristics of inflammation
Definition

1. redness

2.warmth

3.pain

4.swelling

-2 types of inflammation: non specific & specific

Term
Mechanisms of non-specific inflammation
Definition

1.injury or infection

2.histamine released which increases capillary permeability

3.tissue becomes red,swollen, painful

4. WBC invade area

5. attack occurs on pathogens

6. clotting mechanism is activated to seal off area

7.fibroblasts invade and form fibrous capsules around the area

8.heling occurs inflammation subsides

Term
Phagocytosis (example of nonspecific inflammation)
Definition

- Cell eaters

- WBC like neutrophils & monocytes

Term
Examples of specific inflammation
Definition

- cells involved like lymphocytes (T-cells & B-cells)

- Macrophages

Term
Basic Divisions ofimmunity
Definition

- Humoral immunity: antibody mediated immunity

- Cell mediated immunity

Term
Humoral Immunity
Definition

-more sophisticated

-uses B-lymphocytes

-uses antibodies

Term
B-lymphocyte
Definition

-comes from and matures on bone marrow

-produces antibodies

-makes up 20% of all lymphocytes

-dont engage in cell to cell contact

-have a long life span

Term
T-lymphocytes
Definition

- comes from bone marrow,matures elsewhere

-need thymosin to mature

-make up 80% of all lymphocytes

-engage in cell-to-cell combat

-produce lymphokines;attract wbc

-produce lymphotoxins:poison to pathogens

-produce interferon:slows viral replication

-secrete growth inhibiting substance which interferes with bacterial reproduction

Term
Antigen
Definition
a non-self material
Term
Antibody
Definition
a polpeptide structure made by B-cells to recognize the antigen
Term
Hapten
Definition
an antigen too small to be detected by the immune system
Term
Immunogen
Definition
an antigen that produces an immune response
Term
Characteristics of Antigen
Definition

-large size

-complex structure

-protens and polysacchariedes are the best antigens to detect

Term
antibodies
Definition

-produced by B-cells in response to an antigen

-immunoglobulins, gamaglobulins, or proteins

-composed of 2 light and 2 heavy chains

Term
IgG (type of antibody)
Definition

-most abundant

-occurs in tissue fluid

-fights bacteria, viruses,and toxin

-only antibody that can cross placenta

Term
IgA (type of antibody)
Definition

-found in secretions like milk,exocrine gland, tears, nasal fluid.

-fights bacteria/viruses

Term
IgM(type of antibody)
Definition

-largest antibody

-first responder

Term
IgD (type of antibody)
Definition

- binds to B-cells

-activates B-cells so they can make more antibodies

Term
IgE (type of antibody)
Definition

-least abundant

-if you have a lot you usually have allergies

-involved in inflammatory reponses

- found on membranes of basophils or mast cells

Term
Effects of antibodies
Definition

1. direct attack

2.complement activation

3.production of local change

4.agglutination

5.precipitation

6. neutralization

7.lysis

Term
Complement Activation
Definition

-plasma protein that helps destroy pathogens when activated by antibodies

-Chemotaxis:increase in WBC in that area which leads to enhanced inflammation

-Opsonization:increases chance of phagocytosis

-Complement: binds to cell membrane and becomes the mediator of cell membrane lysis

Term
Production of local change: inflammation
Definition

-IgE binds to mast cell surface and then the mast cell is sensitized

-Antigen binds to IgE

-Mast cell degranulates and histamine is released

-inflammation occurs

-Can be harmful

Term
Agglutination
Definition
antigen binds to antibody
Term
Precipitation
Definition
antigen binds to antibody and an insoluble complex forms
Term
Neutralization
Definition
antibody binds to antigen and ties it up rendering it harmless
Term
Lysis
Definition
antibody disrupts pathogens membrane and destroys it
Term
Primary immuno-response
Definition

-first encounter with pathogen

-symptoms develop

-5 to 10 days to recover

Term
Secondary immuno-response
Definition

-memory cells come into play

-dont show/mild symptoms

-1 to 2 days for recovery

Term
Types of immunity
Definition

1. Naturally acquired active immunity:first exposure to pathogen

2.artifically acquired active immunity:vaccination not natural

3.artifically acquired passive immunity:injection of a donor antibody that is only temporary

4.naturally acquired passive immunity: fetal immunity from moms milk

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