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The Heart and Fetal Circulation Exam #4
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56
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/25/2016

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Term
1. heart
2. blood vessels
3. blood
Definition
what are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system?
Term
acts as a double pump for transport system
Definition
what is the function of the heart?
Term
in the mediastinum (in periocardial cavity- found in mediastinum) (mediastinum is found in thoracic cavity, then thoracic cavity is in the ventral body cavity); 2/3 of heart lies to the left of the midsternal lines (posterior to sternum) (between 2nd rib and 5th intercostal space)
Definition
where is the location of the heart?
Term
great vessels (pulmonary trunk and aorta)
Definition
exiting from the base of the heart, which faces the right shoulder are what?
Term
left ventricle
Definition
the apex, which points toward the left hip, is composed primarily of the left ventricle (diaphragm divides thoracic cavity from abdomen)
Term
visceral pericardium
Definition
the surface of the heart
Term
parietal pericardium
Definition
along the edge and wall of the heart
Term
parietal pericardium
Definition
along the edge and wall of the heart
Term
pleural cavities
Definition
house the lungs; extends further beyond clavicles
Term
right and left atria and the right and left ventricles
Definition
what are the four chambers in the heart?
Term
pulmonary circuit; deoxygenated blood
Definition
the right side of the heart is the (pulmonary/system) circuit which contains (deoxygenated/oxygenated) blood
Term
1. superior vena cava- deoxygenated blood from areas superior to the diaphragm
2. the inferior vena cava- deoxygenated blood from areas inferior to the diaphragm
3. coronary sinus- deoxygenated blood back from the heart wall-it require circulation (heart-set of arteries and veins as part of systemic circuit to serve it)
Definition
what are the 3 things that run into the right atrium?
Term
the heart wall is very thick which makes it hard for nutrients and oxygen to pass through so it has to have its own blood supply aka coronary circulation
Definition
why does the heart have a coronary sinus?
Term
1. right superior pulmonary vein
2. right inferior pulmonary vein
3. left superior pulmonary vein
4. left inferior pulmonary vein
Definition
what 4 veins bring oxygenated blood into the left atrium?
Term
fossa ovalis (adult heart)
Definition
what is the name for the remnant of the foramen ovale or oval foramen of the fetal heart?
Term
right atrium to the left atrium; oxygenated blood is brought in from the umbilical cord--oxygenated blood goes through umbilical vein and dumped into the inferior vena cava which takes oxygenated blood into the right atrium (lunk are last organ to devleop-we don't need a lot of use from our pulmonary circuit); valve associated with hole-pressure changes and hole gets covered up
Definition
where does the foramen ovale shunt blood from in the fetal heart and why?
Term
1. trabeculae carnae
2. papillary muscles
Definition
what are the two types of muscle bundles found in the ventricles (both made up of cardiac muscle)?
Term
trabeculae carnae
Definition
bundling ridges in the ventricles (like how the pectinate muscles were to the atria)
Term
papillary muscles
Definition
a type of muscle bundle found in the ventricles; not up against wall but project like a cone into the middle of the ventricles; these muscles contract to take up slack in cordate tendae to hold on to the atrioventricular valve flaps to make sure they don't pop open in the wrong direction
Term
cordate tendonae
Definition
the atrioventricular valves shut when ventricles contract so blood doesn't go into the atria; this helps keep them close
Term
pulmonary trunk
Definition
where does blood go after the right ventricle?
Term
pulmonary trunk to the aorta
Definition
where does the ductus arteriosus shunt blood from in fetal circulation?
Term
ligamentum arteriosum
Definition
what is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus in the adult body?
Term
1. two atrioventricular valves (prevent backflow intro atria)
- tricuspid valve (aka right atrioventricular valve)
- bicuspid or mitral valve (aka left atrioventricular valve)
2. two semilunar valves (prevent backflow into ventricles) (both hae 3 flaps or cusps associated with them)
-aortic semilunar valve (found on left side between left ventricle and aorta)
-pulmonary semilunar valve (found between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk)
(not papillary or cordate tendonae associated with these valves!
Definition
what are the four valves associate with the heart?
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
aka the right atrioventricular valve
Term
bicuspid or mitral valve
Definition
aka left atrioventricular valve
Term
the role of atria is to allow and push blood in/out- 70% of blood from atrias to ventricles does so passively because of gravity-then they give a little squeeze (30% of blood) to push blood back into the ventricles
Definition
why does the atria have very thin walls?
Term
5x more resistance
Definition
how much more resistance is in the systemic circuit compared to the pulmonary circuit?; both ventricles push out the same amount of blood
Term
true
Definition
true or false: it is not the contraction and relaxation of the papillary muscles that close and open the AV valves, but instead changes in pressure
Term
the first sound is the closing of the AV valves and signifies the beginning of ventricular systole (i.e. when the ventricles contract)
Definition
what makes the lub sound in lubdub
Term
the second sound is the closing of the semilunar valves and signifies the beginning of ventricular diastole (i.e. when the ventricles relax)
Definition
what makes the dub sound in lubdub?
Term
the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or coronary sinus--> right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) to right ventricle --> pulmonary semilunar valve--> pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries--> in pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood) --> left atrium--> bicuspid valve (left AV valve; mitral valve)--> left ventricle--> aortic semilunar valve--> aorta and system arteries --> systemic capillaries, blood loses O2 and gains CO2
Definition
the pulmonary circuit starting from right atrium (note:the bronchial arteries and veins (will be much smaller) serve the systemic circulation system)
Term
systemic circuit
Definition
is the arterial coronary circulation apart of the systemic or pulmonary circuit?
Term
maximal blood flow to the myocardium (middle layer of our heart) (muscle of the heart) occurs when the heart is relaxed (i.e. diastole)
Definition
when is the maximal blood flow to the coronary sinus?
Term
myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack
Definition
a result of obstruction or blockage of a CORONARY ARTERY; cadiac muscles-dont go through mnitosis and dont divide-if you kill off these cells-they dont grow back--only scar tissue that cannot contract will replace that cardiac muscle
Term
intrinsic cardiac conduction system
Definition
the cardiac muscle of the heart is able to depolarize and contract without impulses from the nervous system. its ability to do so is because of the what?
Term
cardiac conducting cells or autorhythmic cells
Definition
the intrinsic cardiac conduction system is composed of the 1% noncontractile cardiac cells called what; they are self-excitable; can generate an action potential without nervous system output
Term
purkinje fiber
Definition
the main cells of the intrinsic cardiac conduction system are organized into nodes and highly specialized conducting fibers called what? responsible for initiation and distribution of impulses throughout the heart
Term
accelerates; decelerates
Definition
the rate of the intrinsic cardiac muscle contraction set by these pacemaker cells is altered by the sympathetic (accelerates or decelerates the heartbeat?) and by the parasympathetic (accelerates or decelerates the heartbeat?) division of the autonomic nervous system; hormones can also impact intrinsic rate
Term
1. sinoatrial node
2. atrioventricular node
3. atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His
4. right and left bundle branches
5. Purkinje Fibers
Definition
what is the excitation sequence that takes places in collectios of autorhytmic cardiac cells?
Term
sinoatrial node
Definition
pacemaker of the heart; determines heart rate through its sinus rhythm
Term
atrioventricular node
Definition
impulse travels to the ____________; impulse delayed here for ~0.1s to allow for the atria to contract
Term
intermodal pathway
Definition
another name for the atrioventricular node of the excitation sequence
Term
atrioventricular Bundle or Bundle of HIs
Definition
impulse travels from atrioventricular node to the right and left bundle branches; only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
Term
right and left bundle branches
Definition
branches of the atrioventricular bundle; course toward apex of heart through interventricular septum
Term
purkinje fibers
Definition
finish pathway in interventricular septum, around apex of heart, and head back towards atria (have direct touch with papillary muscles)
Term
skull and spinal cord
Definition
the dorsal cavity contains what?
Term
Ventral body cavity: Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic cavity: two pleural cavities and the mediastinum (esophagus, thymus gland, trachea, also pericardial cavity that houses the heart)
Abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity: digestive organs
pelvic cavity: pelvis, bladder, organs of reproduction, portions of large intestine
Definition
how does the ventral body cavity work
Term
serous membrane
Definition
the walls of the cavity are covered with what type of membrane?
Term
1. parietal layer
2. visceral layer
Definition
what are the two parts of the serous membrane?
Term
parietal layer
Definition
lines the walls of the cavity
Term
viscseral layer
Definition
adheres to the surface of the organ
Term
serous fluid
Definition
a thin layer of this is located between the parietal and visceral layers to reduce friction when the viscera move
Term
parietal pleural/visceral pleural
Definition
lining the pleural cavity and the lung's external surface, respectively
Term
parietal pericardium/visceral pericardium
Definition
lining the pericardial cavity and the heart's external surface, respectively
Term
parietal peritonuem/visceral peritoneum
Definition
lining the abdominopelvic cavity and the external surface of the viscera located in the abdominopelvic cavity, respectively
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