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The Heart
N/A
70
Anatomy
Graduate
11/21/2011

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Cards

Term
What are the two parts of the Pericardium?
Definition
Fibrous and Serous 
Term
What characterizes the Fibrous Pericardium?
Definition
Tough, unyielding outer connective tissue layer
Term
What characterizes the Serous Pericardium?
Definition
Consists of two layers, Parietal and Visceral
Term
What is the Pericardial Cavity?
Definition
The space between the Parietal and Visceral layers of the Serous Pericardium
Term
Describe the Parietal layer of the Serous Pericardium
Definition
Lines inner surface of the Fibrous Pericardium
Term

Describe the Visceral layer of the Serous Pericardium

Definition
Tightly adhered to the myocardium as Epicardium 
Term
What is the primary blood  supply for the Pericardium?
Definition
Pericardiacophrenic Arteries
Term
What is the secondary blood supply to the Pericardium?
Definition
Musculophrenic Arteries and Thoracic Aorta 
Term
What innervates the Pericardium?
Definition
Sympathetic trunks, the Vagus Nerve, and the Phrenic Nerve
Term
What nerve supplies pain sensations for the Pericardium/
Definition
Phrenic Nerve
Term
Where would referred pain from the pericardium most likely be felt?
Definition
Left shoulder/arm
Term
What are the locations of the Serous Pericardial Sinuses?
Definition
One around the Pulmonary Trunk and Aorta and another around the Pulmonary Veins and Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Term
Where is the Oblique Pericardial Sinus located?
Definition
Reflections onto the pulmonary veins
Term
What forms the Transverse Pericardial Sinus?
Definition
Two reflections forming a passageway behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Term
Why is the Transverse Pericardial Sinus clinically important?
Definition
It serves as a vital landmark for cardiac surgeons, allowing them to raise the ascending aorta or pulmonary trunk with a finger for clamp placement during coronary bypass surgery. 
Term
Describe the orientation and components of the base of the heart
Definition
Directed posteriorly, consists of Left Atrium, proximal section of the great veins, and a portion of the Right Atrium 
Term
Describe the orientation and components of the Apex of the Heart
Definition
Directed anteriorly and to the left, consists of the inferolateral part of the left ventricle
Term
What constitutes the Inferior Margin of the heart?
Definition
The sharp edge between the anterior and diaphragmatic surfaces
Term

What constitutes the Obtuse Margin of the heart?

Definition
The separation between the Anterior and Left Pulmonary surfaces 
Term
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Definition
Left and Right Atrium, Left and Right Ventricle
Term
What unique openings are in the Right Atrium?
Definition
Openings of the Superior/Inferior Vena Cava, Opening of Coronary Sinus
Term
Where is the Crista Terminalis located?
Definition
Right Atrium
Term
What is the Sinus Venarum?
Definition
Smooth posterior wall of the Right Atrium
Term
What is the clinical importance of the Fossa Ovalis?
Definition
Does not always close completely after birth, allowing for probe patency 
Term
What does the Fossa Ovalis originally develop from?
Definition
Foramen Ovale
Term
The Conus Arteriosus is unique to what?
Definition
The Right Ventricle, gives rise to the Pulmonary Trunk
Term
The Tricuspid Valve and Pulmonary Valve are located where?
Definition
Right Ventricle
Term
What separates the right and left atria of the heart?
Definition
Interartrial Septum
Term
What opening is unique to the Left Atrium?
Definition
Opening for Pulmonary Veins
Term
Which ventricle is thicker?
Definition
Left
Term
The Bicuspid Mitral Valve and Aortic Valve is found where?
Definition
Left Ventricle 
Term
The portion unique to the left ventricle that possesses fibrous walls in place of musclar walls is what?
Definition
Aortic Vestibule 
Term
Describe circulation through the right side of the heart
Definition
Body -> Superior/Inferior Vena Cava -> R. Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> R. Ventricle -> Pulmonary Valve -> Pulmonary Trunk -> Lungs
Term
Describe circulation through the left side of the heart
Definition
Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> L. Atrium -> Bicuspid Valve -> L. Ventricle -> Aortic Valve -> Aorta -> Body
Term
When Atria contract, the A-V valves undergo what action?
Definition
Forced open
Term
When the Ventricles contract, the A-V valves undergo what action?
Definition
Forced shut
Term
What is the function of the Chordae Tendinae?
Definition
Prevents Valve Prolapse
Term
What produces the first of the two heart sounds (lubb)?
Definition
Closure of the A-V valves
Term
When are the pulmonary and aortic valves open?
Definition
During Ventricular Contraction
Term
What closes the pulmonary and aortic valves?
Definition
Recoil of blood filling the aortic and pulmonary sinuses, preventing back flow 
Term
What produces the second heart sound (dupp)?
Definition
Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
Term
What is included in the proper examination of the heart?
Definition
Visual Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation
Term
What is the upper boarder of the right side of the heart?
Definition
3rd Costal Cartilage 
Term
What is the upper boarder of the left side of the heart?
Definition
2nd Intercostal Space
Term
What is the right margin of the heart?
Definition
3rd Costal Cartilage to almost 6th Costal Cartilage
Term
What is the left margin of the heart?
Definition
2nd intercostal space to 5th intercostal space
Term
What is the lower margin of the heart?
Definition
6th Costal Cartilage at Sternum and 5th Intercostal Space near Mid-Clavicular Line
Term
Where do you listen for the Aortic Valve?
Definition
Medial end of Right 2nd Intercostal Space
Term

Where do you listen for the Pulmonary Valve?

Definition
Medial end of Left 2nd Intercostal Space
Term

Where do you listen for the Tricuspid Valve?

Definition
Just to the Left of the Sternum near the 5th Intercostal Space
Term

Where do you listen for the Mitral Valve?

Definition
Left 5th Intercostal Space at Mid-Clavicular Line
Term
Where are heart sounds generally best heart in relation to the valve?
Definition
Downstream from the flow of blood through the valve. 
Term
What is the primary cause of Calcific Aortic Stenosis 
Definition
Age related to wear & tear
Term
What are warning signs of Calcified Aortic Stenosis?
Definition
Systolic Murmur, L. Ventricle Hypertrophy, Angina, Syncope, Heart Failure, Arrhythmia 
Term
What is Mitral Stenosis?
Definition
Narrowing of the orrifice of the Mitral Valve
Term
What are nearly all cases of Mitral Stenosis caused by?
Definition
Rheumatic Disease
Term
What is the physiological consequence of Mitral Stenosis?
Definition
Restricted flow from Left Atrium to Left Ventricle, causing increased pressure on the pulmonary arteries and regurgitation into the Right Ventricle
Term
What causes Right Ventricular Hypertrophy?
Definition
Increased workload, possibly due to Mitral Stenosis
Term
What suplies blood to the heart?
Definition
Coronary Arteries
Term
What is characteristic of a person with a right dominant coronary artery?
Definition
Posterior Interventricular Branch arises from the Right Coronary Artery
Term

What is characteristic of a person with a left dominant coronary artery?

Definition
Posterior Interventricular Branch arises from an enlarged circumflex branch of the Left Coronary Artery
Term
What drains blood from myocardium?
Definition
Cardiac Veins
Term
What is the result of coronary artery blockage?
Definition
Angina Pectoris or Myocardial Infarction
Term
What characterizes Angina Pectoris?
Definition
Intermitten chest pain caused by reversible cardiac ischemia 
Term
What characterizes Myocardial Infarction?
Definition
A localized area of myocardial necrosis induced by local ischemia 
Term
What are the three most common sites of Coronary Artery Occlusion?
Definition
Anterior Interventricular Branch of Left Coronary Artery, Circumflex Branch of Left Coronary Artery, Right Coronary Artery
Term
What are the treatment options for vessel occlusion due to atherosclerosis?
Definition
Angioplasty or Coronary Bypass Surgery
Term
What is the function of the Cardiac Skeleton?
Definition
Maintains structural integrity of the openings of the heart,  provides a point of attachment for the valve cusps, electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles
Term
What innervates the heart to maintain beating?
Definition
Specialized myocardial cells
Term
What effect does outside input have on the actions of the heart?
Definition
Necessary to change the rate or force of contraction
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