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| The idea of the political, economic unity of the Mediterranean world in which security, peace—pax—was guaranteed by Roman law and military force. A reality from 90 to 200 CE. |
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| Historic opponents of Roman rule in Mesopotamia, they became warlike again in 160s. Defeated by Marcus Aurelius, they caused intermittent problems into the 200s, then were replaced by the Sassanids, who were more aggressively expansionist and thus more of a threat |
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| Non-Germanic, Slavic-Turkic tribe from far Central Asia, arrived in Roman theatre in 350-70s, driving all tribes west to pile up on Roman borders. Those that did not flee were subjugated and incorporated as slaves into Hun armies. Set off Germanic migrations into Roman lands. Raided East Roman areas from 430s, under unitary rulers—Rugilla and Attila. Went west under Attila, pillaged 451-3. Were defeated by Aetius, Roman and German troops in 451, Battle of Catalaunian Plains. Were scattered by Germanic Uprising in 4 |
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| Ancient fishing village in the Bosphorous Straits where Europe meets Asia. Constantine selected it as the site for his new imperial city, which he christened Constantinople. After the 470s, more than a century after the demise of the Western Empire, Byzantium would become the popular name of the Eastern continuation of the Roman Empire. |
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| Another name for the Eastern Roman Empire, originating from the fact that Constantinople was constructed on the ruins of the ancient city Byzantium. |
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| The capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople was founded on the remains of the ancient city of Byzantium, with construction beginning in 325. One of the richest cities on earth from 400-1300, because it was founded by the Christian Constantine, it also was one of the first important cities to encompass a totally Christian milieu. |
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| Last of the military-camp emperors, this Balkan general ruled from 285-306. Reformed the empire administratively, splitting it into East and West, militarily, fiscally, and in terms of court procedure. Under his hand, a far more absolutist state emerged. He undertook the last Roman persecution of Christians before Constantine took power and embraced Christianity |
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| Ruled 312-37. Continued Diocletian's reforms, founded Constantinople, and began the Christianizing of the Empire. Tried to solve doctrinal disputes in the Empire. Truly the first medieval ruler. |
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