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The Endocrine System
Test 12.19.13
49
Anatomy
12th Grade
12/18/2013

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Term
What is the endocrine system important in regulating?
Definition
Mood
Growth & Development
Tissue function
Metabolism
Sexual function
Reproductive processes
Term
Exocrine glands
Definition
Release the secretion on to the surface of something
Don’t secrete hormones
Never secrete into the blood stream
Not a system

Endocrine glands are the complete opposite
Term
Hormone
Definition
an organic substance “chemical message” secreted by a cell (gland) that has an effect on the metabolic activity of another cell or tissue
Term
Target Cells
Definition
cells that are affected by the hormone
Term
Hormone levels influenced by:
Definition
Stress
Infection
Changes in balance of fluid and minerals in blood
Term
Structure of hormones(3 groups)
Definition
Amino acid derivatives: small look like amino acids (epinepherine, thyroid hormones, melatonin)
Peptide hormones: chains of amino acids (largest class) All hormones secreted by hypothalmus, pituitary gland, thymus, pancreas
Lipid derivatives
steroid hormones from cholesterol (reproductive organs and adrenal glands)
fatty acid based compounds
Term
Basic action of a hormone
Definition
The hormone combines with a receptor, the new molecular structure causes cellular changes
Term
Hormones work in one of two ways:
Definition
Activation of 2nd messengers – involves a cell membrane receptor (amino acid or peptide hormones)
Activation of genes – involves intracellular receptors (hormone receptor complex in cytoplasm) (lipid hormones)
Term
Control of endocrine activity
Definition
Direct control: negative feedback mechanisms
a.) endocrine cells respond to change in fluid around cells by releasing hormone
b.) hormone stimulates target cell to restore homeostasis
Indirect control: Hypothalmus
Term
Hypothalmus
Definition
Regulation of the endocrine system
Controls the adrenal medulla
Adrenalin
Releases hormones at posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Secretes substances that control the anterior pituitary gland
Releasing hormones
Inhibiting hormones
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
Connected to the hypothalamus

“Master gland” of the endocrine system
2 parts
Posterior pituitary
Nervous tissue
Axons carry the hormones to the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Glandular tissue
Capillaries supply the anterior pituitary from the hypthalamus
Term
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Target – kidneys
Effect – reabsorption of water
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Targets – reproductive organs
Effects – contractions of smooth muscles (labor contractions, milk ejection; ductus deferens, prostate gland – ejaculations)
Term
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
stimulates gametes (sex cells)
Targets – egg (females), testes (males)
Effects – egg development & estrogen secretion (females), sperm maturation (males)
Term
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Targets – egg (females), cells of testes (males)
Effects – ovulation, secretion of progesterone (females), testosterone secretion (males)
Term
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
Anterior Pitutary
Target – thyroid gland
Effect – triggers the release of thyroid hormones
Term
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Target – adrenal cortex
Effect – cells that produce steroid hormones
Term
Prolactin
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Target - breast
Effect - stimulates milk production
Term
Growth hormone
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Target – all cells
Effect - stimulates growth in general and the skeletal system in particular
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
secretes the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
control body metabolism
Regulation of metabolism is critical in controlling mood, weight and mental and physical energy levels.
inferior to the larynx
Term
Iodine
Definition
In thyroid structure
Target cells – most cells
Effect of thyroid hormones – increase energy utilization, oxygen consumption, growth, development
Thyroid hormone release is controlled by TSH from the anterior pituitary
Term
cells that produce calcitonin (CT)
Definition
in thyroid structure
Targets – bone, kidneys
Effect of calcitonin – lowers blood calcium levels
Term
The Parathyroid Glands
Definition
Location – posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland
Target cells – bone, kidneys, intestines
Effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) – increases blood calcium levels
Term
The Thymus
Definition
Location – posterior to the sternum
Produces hormones which enhance lymphocyte production
Development
Childhood – large
Puberty – largest
Adulthood – decreases in size
Term
The Adrenal Gland
Definition
Location – on top of the kidney
Structure – outer cortex and inner medulla
Medulla
Secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine
Target – most cells
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
Adrenal Gland
causes increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, blood glucose; constricts blood vessels in skin, dilates blood vessels in skeletal & cardiac muscle
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
Adrenal Gland
increases cardiac activity, constricts most blood vessels
Term
aldosterone
Definition
secreted by adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland
Target – kidneys
Effect – increases blood sodium levels, decreases blood potassium levels
Term
cortisol, corticosterone
Definition
steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands
Target – most cells
Effect – conserve blood glucose, anti-inflammatory effects
Term
The Pancreas
Definition
Location – below stomach
Its functions are both exocrine and endocrine
The endocrine cells are in the
“Islets of Langerhans”
Hormones: Glucagon and Insulin
Term
Glucagon
Definition
Pancreas
Targets – liver, adipose tissues
Effect - increase blood sugar levels
Term
Insulin
Definition
Pancreas
Targets Most cells
Effect - decrease blood sugar level
Term
Testes
Definition
secrete androgens and testosterone
Term
Androgens
Definition
testes
male sex hormones
Term
Testosterone
Definition
Testes, most important hormone
Target – most cells
Effects – maturation of sperm; protein synthesis in skeletal muscle; male secondary sex characteristics & behaviors
Term
Seminiferous Tubules
Definition
in testes, creates sperm
Term
estrogen
Definition
ovaries
Targets – most cells
Effects –maturation of follicle; female secondary sex characteristics and behaviors
Term
Progesterone
Definition
ovaries
Targets – uterus, mammary glands
Effects – prepare uterus for implantation and mammary glands for secretion
Term
Relaxin
Definition
Ovaries
Targets – pubic symphysis, uterus, mammary glands
Effects – loosens pubic symphysis, relaxes cervical muscles
Term
The Pineal Gland
Definition
in epithalamus
cells secrete melatonin
Term
melatonin
Definition
Pineal Gland
Derived from the neurotransmitter seratonin
Light inhibits production
Regulates circadian rhythms ("about a day”)
Target – hypothalamus
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
"extreme, large"
When the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormones.
Acromegaly affects mostly middle-aged adults. Untreated, the disease can lead to severe illness and death.
Treatable, hard to identify early
Term
Gigantism
Definition
Excess growth hormone before puberty produces excessively tall stature.
Excess growth hormone after puberty produces acromegaly.
The typical acromegalic has a huge jaw ("prognathism"), huge brows, huge tongue, and huge hands
Term
Diabetes Insipidus
Definition
a condition that results from insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the hypothalamus, the portion of the brain that stimulates the pituitary gland.
causes excessive thirst and excessive production of very diluted urine.
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
Glucose does not enter cells and the blood becomes hyperglycemic
type I (insulin-dependent) = deficient secretion of insulin by pancreatic islets
type II (noninsulin-dependent) = decreased sensitivity of target cells to insulin (insulin resistance)
Gestational Diabetes

Do to the condition your cells may be starved for energy.
Over time, high blood glucose levels may hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves or heart.
Term
Graves Disease
Definition
an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks certain tissues -- that causes overactivity of the thyroid gland ( hyperthyroidism ).
protruding eyes, gotier
Term
cretinism
Definition
condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism)
condition produced in infants and children due to lack of thyroid hormone
It usually results from a congenital defect (e.g., absence of the thyroid, presence of only a rudimentary gland, inability of the gland to produce thyroxine).
can develop later if there is a lack of iodine in the diet, or if the thyroid is diseased or surgically removed.
Term
Addisons Disease
Definition
the result of an underactive adrenal gland. An underactive adrenal gland produces insufficient amounts of corticosteroid hormones.
Lack of corticosteroids can
lead to the inability to produce concentrated urine by the kidneys, which in turn can lead to excessive urination. Ultimately, a patient becomes dehydrated.
lead to extreme sensitivity to the hormone insulin, this sensitivity may lead to low blood sugar levels.
increased risk during stressful periods, such as surgery, infection, or injury.
Term
Cushing's Syndrome
Definition
also known as hypercortisolism,
occurs when a person's tissues are exposed to an excess of the hormone cortisol.
When the appropriate amount of cortisol is released it helps regulate blood pressure, energy production, the ability to fight disease, and how the body maintains itself and responds to stress. But too much cortisol can alter the normal function of these processes
round or moon shaped face
high blood sugar
very late or very early puberty
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