Term
| Which system gives rapid control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which system regulates long term chances? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do both the nervous and endocrine system produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of chemical transmitter? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Endocrine Glandular Cells
Modified Neurons |
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Term
| What are the differences between neurotransmitters and hormones? |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters only travel short distances and produce their effects on the muscles and glands while hormones travel ling distances in the blood effect all tissues and organs |
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Term
| Which gland is known as the master gland? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which part of the brain manages the endocrine system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which part of the brain is the hypothalamus found? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What acts do they hypothalamus preform which are vital for life? |
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Definition
regulates thirst, sleep and temperature
monitors levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood
controls the functioning of the anterior pituitary gland
Produces ADH and Oxytocin which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland |
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Term
|
Definition
| Maintenance of the body's internal environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Gland whose secretions pass in a system of ducts which lead to the exterior of the body |
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Term
| Some examples of an exocrine gland? |
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Definition
Sweat Gland
Salivary Gland
Mammary Gland
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| A gland that secretes hormones into the blood stream |
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Term
| Some examples of an endocrine gland? |
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Definition
Pituitary Gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Glands |
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Term
|
Definition
| A substance that is made in one part of the body but affects another |
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Term
| Some examples of Hormones |
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Definition
Insulin
Thyroxin
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Oestrogen
Testosterone |
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|
Term
| Define: Releasing Hormone |
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Definition
| A hormone whose main purpose is to control the release of another hormone |
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Term
| Some examples of releasing hormones... |
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Definition
Thytotropin Releasing Hormone
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone |
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Term
| Define: Inhibiting Hormone |
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Definition
| A hormone that stops the secretion of another hormone |
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Term
| Examples of inhibiting hormones... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the five ways hormones can be categorised? |
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Definition
Regulate internal chemical composition
Respond to changes in environment
Help integrate growth and development
Contribute to reproduction
Help regulate metabolism and energy balance |
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Term
|
Definition
| When a hormone cannot exert its full effects without the presence of another hormone |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When two or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and their results are amplified |
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Term
|
Definition
| When a hormone opposes or reverses the effect of another hormone |
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|
Term
| What is the process of hormonal signalling? |
|
Definition
Biosynthesis of a particular hormone in a particular tissue
Storage and Secretion of the hormone
Transport of the hormone to the target cells
Recognition of the hormone by associated cell membrane or intracellular receptor protein
Relay and Amplification of the received hormonal signal
Degradation of the hormone |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common method of control in regards to hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a Negative Feedback Loop? |
|
Definition
| Where production of a hormone is inhibited by a large circulating volumes of the same hormone in the circulation |
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|
Term
| What do negative feedback loops ensure? |
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Definition
| Optimum concentration of hormone is maintained in the body |
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|
Term
| What are the major endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes
Adrenal Glands
Pineal Gland |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pituitary situated? |
|
Definition
| in the pituitary fossa above the hard palate |
|
|
Term
| What is the technical term for the anterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the technical term for the posterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior pituitary gland is a region of glandular tissue, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The posterior pituitary gland is a outgrowth of the hypothalamus and therefore nervous in origin, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of hormones which are produced by anterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| Trophic Hormones which stimulate the activity of their respective endocrine glands |
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Term
| Where is THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE secreted from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the TSH? |
|
Definition
| Promotes normal development and activity of the thyroid gland and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its own hormones |
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|
Term
| What stimulates the release of TSH? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone |
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|
Term
| Where is ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE (ACTH) secreted from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of ACTH? |
|
Definition
Regulates growth of the adrenal cortex
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its own hormones |
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|
Term
| What stimulates the release of ACTH? |
|
Definition
| Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone |
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|
Term
| Where is FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) released from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of FSH? |
|
Definition
Regulates the development, growth and maturation of the reproductive process
Initiates changes in the ovaries that result in oogenesis
stimulates oestrogen secretion creating sexual behaviour
stimulates spermatogenesis in males |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates the secretion of FSH? |
|
Definition
| Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone |
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|
Term
| Where is LUTEINISING HORMONE released from? |
|
Definition
| Anterior Pituitary Hormone |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of LH? |
|
Definition
| when the levels of LH increase ovulation occurs and the corpus luteum develops |
|
|
Term
| What causes LH to be secreted? |
|
Definition
| When maturing follicle secretes oestrogens, FSH is inhibited and LH is produced |
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|
Term
| Where is SOMATOTROPHIN released from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the other name for Somatotrophin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is PROLACTIN released from? |
|
Definition
| Anterior Pituitary Hormone |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Prolactin? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates milk production |
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|
Term
| How is the production of Prolactin increased? |
|
Definition
| By a positive feedback loop |
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|
Term
| Where is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) released from? |
|
Definition
| Posterior Pituitary Gland |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of ADH? |
|
Definition
| stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb and conserve water resulting in concentrated u+ and raised blood pressure |
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|
Term
| Where is Oxytocin released from? |
|
Definition
| Posterior Pituitary Gland |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Oxytocin? |
|
Definition
| stimulates contraction of uterine muscles |
|
|
Term
| What triggers the release of Oxytocin ? |
|
Definition
| Pressure on the cervix during parturition |
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|
Term
| How is Oxytocin release regulated? |
|
Definition
| Positive feedback mechanism |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Thyroid Gland located? |
|
Definition
| In the throat close to larynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the tissue called that connects the lobes of the Thyroid Gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are within the Thyroid Gland which produce the thyroid hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three hormones are produced by the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
Tri-iodothronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of T3? |
|
Definition
| Levels of this in practice are clinically important. The main function is that it exerts its effects on the body's metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the production of the thyroid hormones? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
|
|
Term
| What cells produce CALCITONIN? |
|
Definition
| C cells found inbetween the thyroid follicles |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Calcitonin? |
|
Definition
| Regulates calcium levels in the blood by encouraging uptake of calcium by the bones when levels are increased beyond normal |
|
|
Term
| What is Calcitonin secreted in response to? |
|
Definition
| High Blood Calcium Levels |
|
|
Term
| What are the main actions of Calcitonin? |
|
Definition
Stops the uptake of calcium from the GIT
Stops demineralisation of bone
Stops Kidneys picking up Phosphorus
Increases the reabsorption of Calcium by Kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Where are the Parathyroid glands found? |
|
Definition
| On either side of the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| When is parathyroid hormone secreted? |
|
Definition
| When there are low levels of calcium in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the main actions of Parathyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
Increases movement of calcium from the bones
Increases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys and absorption by the GIT
Increases excretion of Phosphorus
Increases production of active Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| Where are the adrenal glands found? |
|
Definition
| Close to the cranial poles of the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What tissue does the adrenal cortex arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissue does the adrenal medulla arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the adrenal cortex respond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of hormone does the Adrenal Cortex produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of Steroid Hormone? |
|
Definition
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex Hormones |
|
|
Term
| What are the three examples of Glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
Cortisone
Cortisol
Corticosterone |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
To increase Gluconeogenesis
To increase Blood Glucose Levels |
|
|
Term
| When are Glucocorticoids released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a Mineralocorticoid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Aldosterone? |
|
Definition
Regulate Sodium and Potassium Levels
Increases reabsorption of Sodium in the Kidneys
Increases Potassium excretion
Raised Blood Pressure |
|
|
Term
| Name the adrenal sex hormone released in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the adrenal sex hormone released in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both Androgen's and Oestrogen are produced in both males and females, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline? |
|
Definition
| The sympathetic innervation which is part of the autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What type of neurotransmitter is noradrenaline and adrenaline? |
|
Definition
| Excitatory Neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| What are the hormone producing cells in the pancreas found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of cells found in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
Alpha Cells
Beta Cells
Delta Cells |
|
|
Term
| What do the Alpha Cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the Beta Cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the Delta Cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Insulin |
|
Definition
| To decrease high levels of blood glucose in the blood encouraging it to be stored as glycogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Glucagon? |
|
Definition
| To increase low levels of blood glucose by stimulating glucongeogenesis and mobilising glycogen stores |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Somatostatin? |
|
Definition
| To control the release of insulin and glucagon |
|
|
Term
| Where are the reproductive hormones produced? |
|
Definition
| In the testes and ovaries |
|
|
Term
| What hormone does the kidneys produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone does the stomach produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone does the small intestine produce? |
|
Definition
|
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