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The Endocrine and Nervous Systems
Chapter 9
115
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
11/16/2013

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Term
Endocrinology
Definition
the branch of medicine concerned with treatment of disorders that affect glands that control metabolism, reproduction, and sexual growth and development
Term
aden/o
Definition
gland
Term
adren/o, adrenal/o
Definition
adrenal glands
Term
anter/o
Definition
anterior, front
Term
calc/o
Definition
calcium
Term
cerebr/o
Definition
cerebrum
Term
encephal/o
Definition
brain
Term
gli/o
Definition
glue; neuroglial tissue
Term
gluc/o, glyc/o
Definition
sugar, sweetness
Term
mening/o, meningi/o
Definition
meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)
Term
myel/o
Definition
bone marrow; spinal cord
Term
neur/o
Definition
nerve
Term
pancreat/o
Definition
pancreas
Term
thym/o
Definition
thymus gland
Term
thyroid/o
Definition
thyroid gland
Term
vascul/o
Definition
blood vessel
Term
acr/o
Definition
extremities
Term
carcin/o
Definition
cancer
Term
cyst/o
Definition
bladder
Term
cyt/o
Definition
cell
Term
dermat/o
Definition
skin
Term
enter/o
Definition
intestine (usually small intestine)
Term
gastr/o
Definition
stomach
Term
hem/o
Definition
blood
Term
hepat/o
Definition
liver
Term
hidr/o
Definition
sweat
Term
nephr/o, ren/o
Definition
kidney
Term
orchid/o, orchi/o, orch/o
Definition
testis (plural, testes)
Term
poster/o
Definition
back (of body), behind, posterior
Term
scler/o
Definition
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
Term
spin/o
Definition
spine
Term
thromb/o
Definition
blood clot
Term
toxic/o
Definition
poison
Term
-ectomy
Definition
excision, removal
Term
-lysis
Definition
separation; destruction; loosening
Term
-pexy
Definition
fixation (of an organ)
Term
-tome
Definition
instrument to cut
Term
-tomy
Definition
incision
Term
-algia, -dynia
Definition
pain
Term
-dipsia
Definition
thirst
Term
-emia
Definition
blood condition
Term
-gen, -genesis
Definition
forming, producing, origin
Term
-glia
Definition
glue; neuroglial tissue
Term
-iasis
Definition
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
Term
-ism
Definition
condition
Term
-itis
Definition
inflammation
Term
-lith
Definition
stone, calculus
Term
-logist
Definition
specialist in study of
Term
-logy
Definition
study of
Term
-megaly
Definition
enlargement
Term
-malacia
Definition
softening
Term
-oid
Definition
resembling
Term
-oma
Definition
tumor
Term
-osis
Definition
abnormal condition; increase
Term
-pathy
Definition
disease
Term
-penia
Definition
decrease, deficiency
Term
-phagia
Definition
swallowing, eating
Term
-phasia
Definition
speech
Term
-plegia
Definition
paralysis
Term
-rrhagia
Definition
bursting forth (of)
Term
-rrhea
Definition
discharge, flow
Term
-uria
Definition
urine
Term
a-
Definition
without, not
Term
dys-
Definition
bad; painful; difficult
Term
endo-
Definition
within
Term
hyper-
Definition
excessive, above normal
Term
hypo-
Definition
under, below, deficient
Term
para-
Definition
near, beside; beyond
Term
Addison disease
Definition
relatively uncommon chronic disorder caused by deficiency of cortical hormones that results when the adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied
Term
Cushing syndrome
Definition
cluster of symptoms caused by excessive amounts of cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) circulating in the blood
Term
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Definition
chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin or the body’s inability to utilize insulin properly
Term
type 1 diabetes
Definition
form of diabetes mellitus that is abrupt in onset and is due to the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin, making this type of disease difficult to regulate
Term
type 2 diabetes
Definition
form of diabetes mellitus that is gradual in onset and results from the body’s deficiency in producing enough insulin or resistance to the action of insulin by the body’s cells
Term
exophthalmos
Definition
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball(s), possibly due to thyrotoxicosis, tumor of the orbit, orbital cellulitis, leukemia, or aneurysm
Term
Graves disease
Definition
multisystem autoimmune disorder that involves growth of the thyroid (hyperthyroidism) associated with the hypersecretion of thyroxine; AKA: exophthalmic goiter, thyrotoxicosis, or toxic goiter
Term
insulinoma
Definition
tumor of the islets of Langerhans; AKA: pancreatic tumor
Term
myxedema
Definition
advanced hypothyroidism in adults that results from the hypofunction of the thyroid gland and affects body fluids, causing edema and increasing blood volume and increasing blood pressure
Term
obesity
Definition
excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight
Term
morbid obesity
Definition
body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100lb or more over ideal body weight
Term
panhypopituitarism
Definition
total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
Term
pheochromocytoma
Definition
small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla
Term
pituitarism
Definition
any disorder of the pituitary gland and its function
Term
Alzheimer disease
Definition
chronic, organic mental disorder that is a progressive form of presenile dementia caused by atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain
Term
epilepsy
Definition
disorder affecting the CNS that is characterized by recurrent seizures
Term
Huntington chorea
Definition
hereditary nervous disorder caused by the progressive loss of brain cells, leading to bizarre, involuntary, dancelike movements
Term
hydrocephalus
Definition
cranial enlargement caused by accumulation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain
Term
multiple sclerosis
Definition
progressive degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscle symptoms
Term
neuroblastoma
Definition
malignant tumor composed principally of cells resembling neuroblasts
Term
palsy
Definition
partial or complete loss of motor function; AKA: paralysis
Term
bell palsy
Definition
facial paralysis on one side of the face because of inflammation of a facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), most likely caused by a viral infection
Term
cerebral palsy
Definition
bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary
Term
paralysis
Definition
loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both
Term
Parkinson disease
Definition
progressive, degenerative neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement
Term
poliomyelitis
Definition
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
Term
sciatica
Definition
severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot
Term
seizure
Definition
convulsion or other clinically detectable event caused by a sudden discharge of electrical activity in the brain that may be classified as partial or generalized
Term
shingles
Definition
eruption of acute, inflammatory, herpetic vesicles caused by herpes zoster virus on the trunk of the body along a peripheral nerve
Term
spina bifida
Definition
congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude
Term
spina bifida occulta
Definition
most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges
Term
spina bifida cystica
Definition
more severe type of spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele), or both (meningomyelocele)
Term
spinal cord injuries
Definition
sever injuries to the spinal cord, such as vertebral fractures and dislocations, resulting in impairment of spinal cord function below the level of the injury
Term
paraplegia
Definition
paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs
Term
quadriplegia
Definition
paralysis of all four extremities and, usually, the trunk
Term
transient ischemic attack
Definition
temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, lasting a few minutes to a few hours
Term
computed tomography (CT)
Definition
radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of x-rays that rotates in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views of the body that a computer interprets to produce cross-sectional images of that body part
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body
Term
radioactie iodine uptake (RAIU) test
Definition
imaging procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thyroid after oral or IV administration of radioactive iodine
Term
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
Definition
laboratory test in which CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture is evaluated macroscopically for clarity and color, microscopically for cells, and chemically for proteins and other substances
Term
lumbar puncture
Definition
insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column at the level of the fourth intervertebral space to withdraw cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in order to perform various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures; AKA: spinal tap or spinal puncture
Term
positron emission tomography (PET)
Definition
radiographic technique combining computed tomography with radiopharmaceuticals that produces a cross-sectional (transverse) image of the dispersement of radioactivity (through emission of positrons) in a section of the body to reveal the areas where the radiopharmaceutical is being metabolized and where there is a deficiency in metabolism
Term
adrenalectomy
Definition
surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands to remove a benign or cancerous tumor, aid in correcting a hormone imbalance, prevent metastasis or, occasionally, prevent adrenal gland hormone excretion from exacerbating an existing condition such as breast cancer
Term
thyroidectomy
Definition
excision of one lobe (subtotal thyroidectomy) or the entire thyroid gland (thyroid lobectomy)
Term
craniotomy
Definition
surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures
Term
thalamotomy
Definition
partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain
Term
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Definition
oral administration or injection of synthetic hormones to correct a deficiency in such hormones as estrogen, testosterone, or thyroid hormone
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