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| urban, middle-class reformers who wanted to increase the role of government in reform |
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| writers who exposed widespread corruption (ex: Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell) |
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| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) |
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| an organization that tried to achieve greater equality for blacks |
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| a feminist reformer who promoted contraception |
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| (1920) the amendment that granted women the right to vote |
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| a Wisconsin governor who was a leader of the Progressive movement; implemented direct election, progressive taxation, and rail regulation in Wisconsin |
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| a system in which voters could propose new laws |
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| allowed the public to vote on new laws |
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| allowed voters to remove officials from office |
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| a prominent Progresive leader; enforced antitrust laws and increased governmet regulation |
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| an antitrust law that was first enforced properly by Theodore Roosevelt |
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| the president after Roosevelt; also Progressive; also ended monopolies aggressively like Roosevelt; helped create a national income tax and direct election |
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| the president after Taft; also a Progressive; created the Federal Trade Commission, enforced the Clayton Antitrust Act, helped create the Federal Reserve |
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| gave the government greater control over the nation's finances |
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| Roosevelt's progressive policies |
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| Wilson's progressive policies |
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| (1903) forced Cuba to be controlled by America; Cuba's treaties were controlled by the US, and the US always had the right to intervene in Cuba's affairs |
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| an area in which the US supported a revolution in order to build a canal |
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| Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine |
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| the claim that disorder in Latin America constituted a threat to America, justifying America's interference |
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| Roosevelt's foreign policy |
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| (1914) a war among European powers; America entered in the end |
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| a policy by Wilson to stay out of WWI |
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| a passenger ship that the Germans sank with submarines because it was carrying military supplies |
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| outlined a German plan to stop the US from entering the European war by supporting Mexico in a war against the US; drew the US into WWI |
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| coordinated industrial and agricultural production to make sure that the US and the Allies were well supplied in WWI |
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| (1917) prohibited anyone from using the US mail system to interfere with the war effort and draft |
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| (1918) made it illegal to prevent the sale of war bonds or to speak disparagingly of the government, flag, military, or Constitution |
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| (1919) a court case in which Schenck was arrested for advocating against the draft, claiming it violated the 13th Amendment; the Supreme Court upheld the Espionage Act |
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| (1917) placed Russia under Communist control; made Americans fear communism |
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| Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) |
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| created to prevent radicals from taking over the US |
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| a series of raids in which the government raided union halls, pool halls, social clubs, and residences to arrest 4000 suspected radicals |
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| Committee of Public Information (CPI) |
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| the government's war propaganda organization; spread sensational messages |
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| Wilson's plan for world peace, delivered in a speech to Congress in January 1918; called for the formation of a League of Nations |
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| a colloquial name for the 1920s in America |
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| a government agency tasked with regulating businesses |
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| favoring businesses; the government in the 1920s practiced this |
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| an honest president with corrupt advisors; pro-business |
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| an oil company bribed Harding's secretary of the interior in order to drill on public land |
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| Harding's vice president and successor; continued Hoover's policies |
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| businesses offered to workers in an attempt to dissuade them from organizing and demanding more |
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| perfected through assembly-line production by Henry Ford; made affordable to the middle-class |
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| areas outside of cities but not in the countryside; an intermediate between urban and rural areas |
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| a prominent tool for linking the US; very commonplace in the 1920s |
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| appeared during the 1920s |
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| women of the Twenties who dressed provocatively, smoked, dranked, and dancing; highly disreputable at the time |
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| gained a lot of popularity during the Twenties |
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| a popular author of the Twenties |
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| a popular author of the Twenties |
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| a popular playwright of the Twenties |
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| the development in black culture in New York City |
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| a prominent black poet who rose in the Harlem Renaissance |
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| improvisational and spiritual music; developed by black culture in the 1920s |
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| one of the most prominent and talented jazz musicians |
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| grew to over 5 million members and widened its targets to include blacks, Jews, urbanites, and others |
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| two Italian immigrant anarchists who were arrested for murder |
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| (1924) set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against "new immigrants" |
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| (1925) a trial in which John Thomas Scopes taught the theory of evolution, against Tennessee law, to draw national attention |
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| a movement to ban alcohol |
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| (1917) the amendment that formally prohibited alcohol; repealed in 1933 |
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| another pro-business president who succeeded Coolidge; did not react properly to the Great Depression |
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| a long economic depression caused by many factors in the American economy, most notably a stock market crash in 1929 |
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| an area in the Midwest, after it had been afflicted with a long drought |
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| Farmers' Holiday Association |
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| an association of farmers which organized demonstration and threatened a nationwide farmer walkout |
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| a tariff intended to protect the economy (but actually worsened the economy) |
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| Bonus Expeditionary Force |
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| a group of WWI veterans and their families who came to Washington to lobby for a bill to provide early payment to WWI veterans; protested when the bill was defeated |
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| the president who succeeded Hoover; promised to help the economy, unlike Hoover, and won the election of 1932 easily |
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| Roosevelt's plan to save the economy |
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| Roosevelt's first 100 days in office, in which the government passed many major programs |
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| Emergency Banking Relief Bill |
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| put poorly managed banks under the control of the Treasury Department and granted government licenses to other banks |
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| Roosevelt's radio broadcasts to the nation in an effort to reassure them; successfully convinced people to start using banks again |
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| created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to guarantee bank deposits |
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| Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) |
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| provided payment to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production |
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| provided loans to farmers in danger of foreclosure |
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| National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) |
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| consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities with the aim of eliminating overproduction |
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| Public Works Administration (PWA) |
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| set aside $3 billion to create jobs |
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| Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) |
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| provided grants to the states to manage their own PWA-like projects |
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| National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) |
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| the practice of borrowing to finance its programs |
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| a second package of legislation to assist the economy further |
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| Works Progress/Project Administration (WPA) |
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| generated more than 8 million government job in public works, writing, photography, and art |
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| Social Security Administration |
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| provided retirement benefits for many workers |
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| a bill that proposed that Roosevelt be able to replace all federal judges over 70; soundly defeated; Roosevelt was criticized for trying to seize too much power |
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| set a minimum wage and established the 40-hour workweek for many professions |
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| (1928) a pact signed by 62 nations, condemning war as a means of foreign policy |
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| (1921-1922) gathered eight of the world's great powers to set limits on stockpiling |
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| a policy which made US interference in Latin America less obvious |
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| the practice of keeping tariffs high |
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| Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act |
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| allowed the president to reduce tariffs if he felt doing so would achieve foreign policy goals |
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| a commission that reported on the unwholesome activities of American arms manufacturers (many who tried to lobby to enter WWII) |
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| a series of acts to remove the US from war involvement; the first banned the sale of arms to belligerents (1935); the second banned money loans to the same |
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| allowed the Allies to buy US weapons as long as they came to the US to buy them and paid in cash |
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| permitted the US to "lend" armaments to England |
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| Atlantic Charter Conference |
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| a conference between Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill; declared the Allies' war aims |
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| the alliance between Japan, Italy, and Germany |
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| attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, provoking US entrance into the war |
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| first meeting of the "big three" |
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| Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in Teheran, Iran, in 1943; planned D-Day and the postwar division of Germany |
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| a method of limiting products in WWII |
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| (1943) allowed government takeover of businesses deemed necessary to national security; a wartime measure |
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| Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 |
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| created a peacetime draft |
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| a poster image of American women working in war-related industrial jobs during WWII |
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| the imprisonment of 110,000 Japanese Americans (many of whom were US citizens) in internment camps |
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| a metaphor by Churchill to describe the division of Eastern and Western Europe after Stalin was allowed to organize Eastern Europe |
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| the president after Roosevelt |
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| a weapon of mass destruction used to end the war against Japan; two were dropped on Japan in Nagasaki and Hiroshima |
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