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The Digestive System Exam #4
description
171
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/13/2016

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Term
alimentary canal
Definition
what is another name for the gastrointestinal GI tract?
Term
1. mouth
2. most of the pharynx
3. esophagus
4. sstomach
5. small intestine
6. large intestine
Definition
what are the 6 organs of the alimentary canal or GI tract?
Term
1. Tongue (physical breakdown)
2. teeth (physical breakdown)
3. salivary glands (secretions)
4. pancreas (secretions)
5. liver (secretions)
6. gallbladder (secretions)
Definition
what are 6 accessory digestive organs and do these organs have a physical breakdown or do they secrete some type of fluid?
Term
1. ingestion
2. secretion
3. mixing and propulsion (motility capability)
4. digestion
5. absorption
6. defecation
7. barrier
8. immunologic protection
Definition
what are the 8 major processes of the digestive system?
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
a type of chemical digestion in which it split very large molecules into smaller molecules (uses digestive enzymes)
Term
1. vitamins
2. ions
3. cholesterol
4. water
Definition
what 4 things will be able to be absorbed without being chemically broken down?
Term
90%
Definition
what percentage of absorption takes place in the small intestine
Term
false- anything that stays in the lumen and isn't absorbed in the GI tract is technically not in our body
Definition
anything that is in the GI tract is considered to be in our body
Term
umbilicus (belly button)
Definition
where is the line to horizontally and vertically section off our abdomen into quadrants based of of?
Term
1. mucosa (inner most layer)
2. submucosa
3. muscularis externa
4. serosa or adventitia
Definition
what are the 4 layers of the lumen from the inner most part to the outer most part?
Term
mucosa
Definition
the inner lining of GI tract; composed of a lining epithelium with underlying CONNECTIVE TISSUE; the three principle functions of this is protection, absorption, and secretion
Term
submucosa
Definition
the layer of loose connective tissue that binds mucosa to the muscularis externa; may contain glands, vessels, lymphatic tissue, and nerves
Term
submucosa
Definition
the layer of loose connective tissue that binds mucosa to the muscularis externa; may contain glands, vessels, lymphatic tissue, and nerves
Term
muscularis externa
Definition
this layer contains smooth muscle; helps to mechanically break down food, mix it with digestive secretions, and move it through the GI tract; generally found in two sheets: the inner circular fibers and the outer longitudinal fibers
Term
1. inner circular fibers
2. outer longitudinal fibers
Definition
what are the two sheets in the muscularis externa?
Term
inner circular fibers
Definition
this is a part of the muscularis externa where when it contracts, it constricts the lumen of the GI tract
Term
outer longitudinal fibers
Definition
a part of the muscularis externa that when it contracts, they shorten the organ and dilate the lumen of the GI tract
Term
setp 1: contraction of circular muscles behind bolus
step 2: contraction of the longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus
step 3: contraction in circular muscle layer forces bolus forward
Definition
what are the 3 steps of peristalsis?
Term
circular muscle layer
Definition
a number of sphincters or valves are created along the GI tract by thickening of what muscle?
Term
true
Definition
true or false- there is a third layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach, which is oblique and adds additional force to the wall
Term
true
Definition
true or false: there is skeletal muscle around the proximal portion of the esophagus that is the muscularis externa
Term
false- skeletal muscle
Definition
true or false: there is smooth muscle that is around the anal canal wall creating the external anal sphincter
Term
serosa (or adventitia-for connective tissue)
Definition
the serous membrane that will be on the outermost part of the GI tract portions in the abdominopelvic cavity; aka visceral peritoneum
Term
adventitia (or serosa--for serosa)
Definition
the outside layer of the esophagus, ascending colon, descending colon, and most the duodenum lack serosa and just have connective tissue so instead it is called?
Term
10%
Definition
what percentage of absorption take place in the stomach and large intestine?
Term
monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose)
Definition
what form of carbs can pass through the epithelial lining?
Term
amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides - from proteins
Definition
what form of proteins is able to pass across the epithelial lining?
Term
fatty acids and monoglycerides (components of triglycerides)
Definition
what breakdown of fats is able to pass through the epithelial lining?
Term
pentoses, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases (from RNA and DNA)
Definition
what broken down structures from RNA and DNA is able to pass through the epithelial lining?
Term
oral or buccal cavity
Definition
what two other names is the mouth referred to?
Term
cheeks, hard and soft palate, and tongue
Definition
what 4 things form the mouth (oral or buccal cavity)?
Term
labia
Definition
another name for lips
Term
lips or labia
Definition
fleshy folds that surround the opening of the mouth and contain the orbicularis oris muscle
Term
fauces
Definition
the oral cavity opens into the oropharynx through an opening called what?
Term
vestibule
Definition
a part of the oral cavity that is between the lips and teeth and between the cheeks and teeth
Term
oral cavity proper
Definition
a part of the oral cavity in which the superior border is the hard palate and soft palates; inferior border is the tongue and the floor of the mouth; the posterior border in the entrance into the oropharynx; all other borders are the teeth
Term
stimulated
Definition
are the major salivary glands stimulated or inhibited by the parasympathetic system?
Term
inhibited
Definition
are the salivary glands stimulated or inhibited by the sympathetic system?
Term
1. parotid gland
2. submandibular gland
3. sublingual gland
Definition
what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
Term
parotid gland
Definition
the largest of the 3 glands; it lies between the skin and the masseter muscle just anterior to the ear; relatively long excretory duct called the _______ duct which opens into the mouth at the _______ papilla; this gland is located outside of the oral cavity
Term
parotid duct
Definition
this duct is apart of the parotid gland in which it opens into the mouth at the parotid papilla
Term
parotid papilla
Definition
this is apart of the parotid gland and is found on the cheek opposite the second upper molar
Term
submandibular gland
Definition
this salivary gland lies in/under floor of the mouth along the medial surfaces of the mandible; located on the outside of the oral cavity
Term
lingual fenulum
Definition
the submandibular duct (which is apart of the submandibular gland) empties on either side of where?
Term
sublingual gland
Definition
the smallest of the three salivary glands; beneath the tongue and is superior to the submandibular gland; the gland is located within the oral cavity
Term
floor of mouth
Definition
the sublingual ducts of the sublingual gland open into where?
Term
99.5% water and 0.5% solutes; average secretion is 1000 ml/day - 1500 ml/day (about 1 liter)
Definition
what is the percentage of water that makes up our saliva and what is the percentage of solutes that make up our saliva? also, how much saliva does a person produce a day?
Term
1. moistens oral mucosa
2. moistens dry food
3. provides medium for food material to dissolve so they can chemically stimulate taste buds
4. buffer contents or oral cavity (bicarbonate and phosphate ions)
5. contain amylase that partially breaks down starch (i.e. polysaccharide-chemical digestion)
Definition
what are 5 protective and digestive roles of saliva?
Term
superiorly at the internal nares
Definition
where does the pharynx begin?
Term
nasal cavity and oral cavity
larynx and esophagus
Definition
what structures does the pharynx connect superiorly and inferiorly?
Term
anterior; posterior
Definition
the entrance from the pharynx to the larynx will be (anterior/posterior), while the entrance from the pharynx to the esophagus will be (anterior/posterior)
Term
1. passageway for air and food
2. resonates sounds
3. houses tonsils (participate in immunological reactions)
Definition
what are 3 functions of the pharynx?
Term
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Definition
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
Term
nasopharynx
Definition
a part of the pharynx that is an air passageway only; it is superior to the soft palate; when swallowing the soft palate and the uvula move superiorly to close off this
Term
oropharynx
Definition
a part of the pharynx that is an air and food passageway; its posterior to the oral cavity; between the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis
Term
laryngopharynx
Definition
a part of the pharynx that is an air and food passageway; is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx inferiorly; extends from an upright epiglottis to the larynx
Term
esophagus
Definition
a collapsible muscular tube (10 inches long) that connects the laryngopharnyx to the stomach
Term
posterior
Definition
is the esophagus anterior or posterior to the trachea?
Term
T10 (at the esophageal hiatus)
Definition
where does the esophagus go through the diaphragm at?
Term
1. esophagus T10
2. aorta T12
3. inferior vena cava (T8)
Definition
what 3 structures go through the diaphragm and at what vertebral levels do they go through?
Term
I ate ten eggs at noon
Inferior vena cava (T8); esophagus (T10); aorta (T12)
Definition
what is the saying for the three structures that pass through the diaphragm?
Term
skeletal muscle; smooth muscle
Definition
the muscularis externa of the superior third of the esophagus is (skeletal/smooth) muscle, while the lower third is (skeletal/smooth) muscle; the intermediate third is mixed with skeletal and smooth muscles
Term
deglutition (takes 4-8 seconds from mouth to stomach for solid/semisolid foods, while 1 second for liquids)
Definition
the act of swallowing
Term
false- no digestive enzymes are produced by esophagus, nor does any absorption take place here
Definition
true or false: the esophagus produces digestive enzymes
Term
1. secrete mucous (near stomach there are mucous glands to protect esophagus from stomach acid)
2. transport food to the stomach
Definition
what are 2 functions of the esophagus?
Term
chyme
Definition
the stomach receives the bolus, but makes the bolus into something else and will pass it on the the duodenum. what is the turned into?
Term
chyme
Definition
a pulpy, semi-fluid mixture of partly digested food and digestive secretion
Term
4 hours
Definition
how long does food usually stay in the stomach for?
Term
1. carbs
2. proteins
3. triglycerides
Definition
what three things are started to be chemically digested in the stomach?
Term
1. water
2. ions
3. short-cahin fatty acids
4. drugs such as aspirin
5. alcohol
Definition
what are 5 materials can be absorbed in the stomach?
Term
1. cardia
2. fundus
3. body
4. pylorus
Definition
what are the 4 gross anatomical subdivisions of the stomach?
Term
cardia
Definition
a subdivision of the stomach which is the area that surrounds the superior opening of the stomach; diaphragm sits right superior to here; right above diaphragm is the heart
Term
fundus
Definition
a subdivision of the stomach that is superior and to the left of the cardia; gases can be collected here and brought back up through burpring
Term
body
Definition
a subdivision of the stomach which is the large central portion of the stomach inferior to the fundus; where bolus spends most of its time
Term
pylorus
Definition
a subdivision of the stomach that connects the stomach to the duodeum; starts to narrow as it approaches the pyloric sphincter
Term
1. pyloric antrum
2. pyloric canal
Definition
what are the 2 parts of the pylorus
Term
pyloric antrum
Definition
entrance region to pyloris; next to the body of the stomach; proximal portion
Term
pyloric canal
Definition
leads into the duodenum; distal portion of the pylorus
Term
rugae
Definition
when the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in the longitudinal folds called what?
Term
false- these folds do not alter the surface area available in the stomach, but instead accommodate the overall expansion of the stomach
Definition
true or false: rugae are there to increase the surface area of the stomach
Term
pyloric sphincter
Definition
the sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum
Term
lesser curvature
Definition
concave medial border of the stomach
Term
greater curvature
Definition
convex lateral border of the stomach
Term
lesser omentum
Definition
at the lesser curvature, the visceral peritoneum becomes what?
Term
great omentum
Definition
at the greater curvature, the visceral peristoneum becomes the what?
Term
1. outer longitudinal layer
2. middle circular alyer
3. inner oblique layers
helps for further mechanical breakdown
Definition
what are the 3 layers the smooth muscle of the muscularis externa
Term
pancreas
Definition
this is approximately 5" long by 1" thick; elongated gland found posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach; has a head a body and a tail
Term
head
Definition
what part of the pancreas lies in the C-shaped curve of the duodenum in a retroperitenial position
Term
tail
Definition
this part of the pancreas points toward hilum of spleen
Term
pancreas
Definition
functions as an exocrine and endocrine gland
Term
exocrine
Definition
secretes directly onto a surface and sees ducts
Term
endocrine gland
Definition
has interstitial fluid; ductless; secretes hormones
Term
99%
Definition
what percent of the pancreas functions as an exocrine gland
Term
exocrine gland of the pancreas
Definition
synthesizes and secretes enzymes into the duodenum for digestion in the intestine; secretes a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice
Term
pancreatic juice
Definition
contains enzymes that digest starch (complex sugars), proteins, fats, and nucleic acids (does not start getting digested until it gets to the small intestine--never digested in stomach!!); also contains sodium bicarbonate which buffers the acidic gastric juices
Term
1%
Definition
what is the percentage the pancreas functions as an endocrine gland?
Term
endocrine gland of the pancreas
Definition
synthesizes and secretes hormones into the blood
Term
islets of langerhans
Definition
where are the endocrine glands located in the pancreas?
Term
exocrine cells
Definition
pancreatic juice is secreted by what into the small ducts which unite to form the pancreatic duct
Term
duct of Wirsung
Definition
whats another name for the pancreatic duct
Term
liver
Definition
what produces bile?
Term
hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
Definition
the pancreatic duct normally joins the common bile duct to form what?
Term
major duodenal papilla (found about 10 cm or 4" distal to the pyloric sphincter)
Definition
where does the hepatonpancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) enter into to go into the duodenum of the small intestine?
Term
liver
Definition
2nd largest organ of the body
Term
liver
Definition
the largest internal organ (2.5% of adult body weight)
Term
skin
Definition
what is the largest body organ?
Term
falciform ligament (a mesentery)
Definition
a double layer; holds or attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
Term
visceral peritoneum
Definition
what covers the liver?
Term
ligamentum teres hepatis
Definition
another name for the round ligament?
Term
round ligament aka ligamentum teres hepatis
Definition
the remnant of the fetal umbilical vein; during embryonic development it was located right under the liver because it brought oxygenated blood towards the heart and dumps into the inferior vena cava
Term
coronary ligament (leaves the bare area of the liver-triangular space where liver is attached to the diaphragm via fat tissue)
Definition
helps attach liver to diaphragm
Term
1. right lobe (a large lobe)
2. left lobe (a large lobe)
3. quadrate lobe (a small lobe)
4. caudate lobe (a small lobe)
Definition
what are the 4 lobes of the liver?
Term
falciform ligament
Definition
what are the right and left lobes separated by, which is a fold of the peritoneum
Term
porta hepatis
Definition
where blood enters the liver from the proper hepatic artery
Term
hepatic portal vein and the proper hepatic artery
Definition
two vessels where blood enters the liver
Term
25% -- oxygenated
Definition
what percentage of blood that comes into the liver is delivered from the hepatic artery proper?
Term
75%
Definition
what percentage of blood comes into the liver from the hepatic portal vein? (deoxygenated blood)
Term
common hepatic duct
Definition
brings bile out of the liver
Term
hepatic veins
Definition
what vessel brings blood out of the liver and dumps into the inferior vena cava?
Term
blood supply and the bile drainage (based on blood supply, the quadrate and caudate lobes belong to the left lobe)
Definition
what are functional/surgical divisions?
Term
800ml-1000ml per day
Definition
how much bile does the liver cells secrete a day?
Term
hepatocytes
Definition
liver cells
Term
1. water
2. bile salts
3. bilirubin
4. electrolytes
Definition
what 4 things is bile composed of? (bile is partially an excretory product and partially a digestion secretion)
Term
bile salts; smaller lipid globules have larger surface area for pancreatic lipase
Definition
a component of bile the has an emulsifying action where it separates molecules to make more surface area and make them into smaller molecules to speed up activity--agents for digestion and absorption of LIPIDS
Term
bilirubin
Definition
when the spleen breaks down aged RBCs and hemoglobin (an end product of hemoglobin degradation), what is then produced?
Term
120 days
Definition
how long are RBCs usually good for?
Term
spleen
Definition
what organ is responsible for replacing aged RBCs?
Term
bilirubin
Definition
is a pigment and helps give feces its color
Term
lipase
Definition
this enzyme breaks bonds associated with fat
Term
gallbladder
Definition
a pear-shaped sac (7-10cm; 3-4in) located in a depression on the posterior surface of the RIGHT lobe of the liver; composed of a broad fundus (projects beyond the inferior border of the liver), body (central portion), and neck tapered portion)
Term
cystic duct
Definition
what is the enter and exit place of the gallbladder?
Term
to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the small intestine; bile is concentrated by the absorption of WATER and IONS
Definition
what is the function of the gallbladder?
Term
cholelithiasis
Definition
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts that is composed of cholesterol crystals (can be the size of a golf ball or a grain of salt))
Term
3 F's:
1) females
2) over the age of Forty
3) Fat
Definition
what makes up susceptible to cholelithiasis?
Term
the right and left hepatic duct
Definition
what two ducts come together to form the common hepatic duct?
Term
cystic duct
Definition
what combines with common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct?
Term
common bile duct
Definition
the common hepatic duct combines with the cystic duct to form what?
Term
hepatopancreatic ampulla
Definition
the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct come together to form what, which then dumps into the duodenum
Term
liver sinusoids
Definition
where oxygen, most of the nutrients, and certain toxic substances are taken up by the hepatocytes; also where hepatocytes' products are stored nutrients are secreted back into the blood
Term
carbs
Definition
what is the only macromolecule where digestion starts in the mouth?
Term
plicae circulares (permanent transverse folds-at core is submucosa)
Definition
circular folds in the small intestine to create more surface area
Term
villus
Definition
when the mucosa itself in the small intestine folds in
Term
villi
Definition
fingerlike projections of the mucosa
Term
microvilli
Definition
projections of the apical membrane of the intestinal absorptive cells
Term
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
Definition
what are the 3 division of the small intestine from proximal to distal?
Term
duodenum (10 inches in length) and the ileum (6 ft)
Definition
what is the shortest and longest divisions of the small intestine?
Term
ileum
Definition
joins the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter
Term
large intestine
Definition
terminal portion of the GI tract
Term
cecum
Definition
first portion of the large intestine
Term
ileocecal valve
Definition
the valve that is in between the small intestines and the large intestines
Term
vermiform appendix
Definition
this is attached to the cecum which is in the right lower quadrant
Term
cecum-ascending colon (right side of body), right colic (hepatic) flexure, transverse colon, left colic (splenic flexure) descending colon (left side of body), and sigmoid colon
Definition
what is the pathway of the large intestine?
Term
teniae coli
Definition
the cecum's and colon's outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa exhibits three thickened bands called?
Term
haustra
Definition
the cecum and the colon exhibit ________ which are sacs or pouches
Term
false- they do not have plicae circulares or villi
Definition
true or false: the mucosa of the large intestine has plicae circulares or villi
Term
omental appendices or epiploic appendages
Definition
visible small fatty projections of the serosa called ____________ or _____________ on the outer surface of certain areas of the large intestine
Term
diarrhea; constipation
Definition
not enough water reabsorbed will result in (diarrhea/constipation); too much water reabsorbed will result in (diarrhea/constipation)
Term
1. reabsorption of electrolytes and water
2. formation and elimination of feces
3. the bacteria in the large intestine
Definition
what are 3 functions of the large intestine?
Term
1. ferment remaining carbs and release methane, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide gases
2. breakdown any remaining amino acids
3. synthesize some vitamins which are absorbed; some B vitamins and vitamin K
Definition
what are 3 functions of the bacteria in the large intestine?
Term
parietal peritoneum/visceral peritoneum
Definition
serous lining the abdominopelvic cavity and the viscera located in the abdominopelvic cavity, respectively
Term
serous fluid
Definition
produced by the parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum that is located between the parietal and visceral layers to reduce friction when the viscera move and prevent the viscera from fusing to one another or the body wall.
Term
peritoneal cavity
Definition
where the serous fluid is found which is between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
Term
retroperitoneal
Definition
the organs that lie behind the peritoneum and, therefore, are considered _____________
Term
1. kidneys
2. adrenal glands
3. pancreas
4. ascending colon
5. descending colon
6. aorta
7. most of duodenum
Definition
what are the 7 organs that are considered retroperitoneal?
Term
mesenteries
Definition
the peritoneum contains large folds that are double layered and fused; highway for vessels to go to and from organs; bind organs to one another and to the walls of the abdominal cavity; blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the nerves that supply the abdominal organs
Term
mesentery proper
Definition
attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
Term
mesocolon
Definition
attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall
Term
coronary ligament
Definition
attaches liver to inferior diaphragm (only 1 layer)
Term
falciform ligament
Definition
attaches liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
Term
lesser omentum
Definition
attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver
Term
greater omentum
Definition
largest peritoneal fold; reflection of the peritoneum hanging the greater curvature of the stomach; drapes over the transverse colon and coils of small intestine; its actually a double sheet that fold back on itself again, giving it a total of four layers; contains a considerable amount of adipose tissue; the apron or policeman of the abdomen--will try to encase an infection in abdomen and keep it from spreading
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