Term
|
Definition
| what is another name for the gastrointestinal GI tract? |
|
|
Term
1. mouth
2. most of the pharynx
3. esophagus
4. sstomach
5. small intestine
6. large intestine |
|
Definition
| what are the 6 organs of the alimentary canal or GI tract? |
|
|
Term
1. Tongue (physical breakdown)
2. teeth (physical breakdown)
3. salivary glands (secretions)
4. pancreas (secretions)
5. liver (secretions)
6. gallbladder (secretions) |
|
Definition
| what are 6 accessory digestive organs and do these organs have a physical breakdown or do they secrete some type of fluid? |
|
|
Term
1. ingestion
2. secretion
3. mixing and propulsion (motility capability)
4. digestion
5. absorption
6. defecation
7. barrier
8. immunologic protection |
|
Definition
| what are the 8 major processes of the digestive system? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of chemical digestion in which it split very large molecules into smaller molecules (uses digestive enzymes) |
|
|
Term
1. vitamins
2. ions
3. cholesterol
4. water |
|
Definition
| what 4 things will be able to be absorbed without being chemically broken down? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what percentage of absorption takes place in the small intestine |
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|
Term
| false- anything that stays in the lumen and isn't absorbed in the GI tract is technically not in our body |
|
Definition
| anything that is in the GI tract is considered to be in our body |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| where is the line to horizontally and vertically section off our abdomen into quadrants based of of? |
|
|
Term
1. mucosa (inner most layer)
2. submucosa
3. muscularis externa
4. serosa or adventitia |
|
Definition
| what are the 4 layers of the lumen from the inner most part to the outer most part? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the inner lining of GI tract; composed of a lining epithelium with underlying CONNECTIVE TISSUE; the three principle functions of this is protection, absorption, and secretion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the layer of loose connective tissue that binds mucosa to the muscularis externa; may contain glands, vessels, lymphatic tissue, and nerves |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the layer of loose connective tissue that binds mucosa to the muscularis externa; may contain glands, vessels, lymphatic tissue, and nerves |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this layer contains smooth muscle; helps to mechanically break down food, mix it with digestive secretions, and move it through the GI tract; generally found in two sheets: the inner circular fibers and the outer longitudinal fibers |
|
|
Term
1. inner circular fibers
2. outer longitudinal fibers |
|
Definition
| what are the two sheets in the muscularis externa? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this is a part of the muscularis externa where when it contracts, it constricts the lumen of the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| outer longitudinal fibers |
|
Definition
| a part of the muscularis externa that when it contracts, they shorten the organ and dilate the lumen of the GI tract |
|
|
Term
setp 1: contraction of circular muscles behind bolus
step 2: contraction of the longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus
step 3: contraction in circular muscle layer forces bolus forward |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 steps of peristalsis? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a number of sphincters or valves are created along the GI tract by thickening of what muscle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| true or false- there is a third layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach, which is oblique and adds additional force to the wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| true or false: there is skeletal muscle around the proximal portion of the esophagus that is the muscularis externa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| true or false: there is smooth muscle that is around the anal canal wall creating the external anal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| serosa (or adventitia-for connective tissue) |
|
Definition
| the serous membrane that will be on the outermost part of the GI tract portions in the abdominopelvic cavity; aka visceral peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| adventitia (or serosa--for serosa) |
|
Definition
| the outside layer of the esophagus, ascending colon, descending colon, and most the duodenum lack serosa and just have connective tissue so instead it is called? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percentage of absorption take place in the stomach and large intestine? |
|
|
Term
| monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose) |
|
Definition
| what form of carbs can pass through the epithelial lining? |
|
|
Term
| amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides - from proteins |
|
Definition
| what form of proteins is able to pass across the epithelial lining? |
|
|
Term
| fatty acids and monoglycerides (components of triglycerides) |
|
Definition
| what breakdown of fats is able to pass through the epithelial lining? |
|
|
Term
| pentoses, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases (from RNA and DNA) |
|
Definition
| what broken down structures from RNA and DNA is able to pass through the epithelial lining? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what two other names is the mouth referred to? |
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|
Term
| cheeks, hard and soft palate, and tongue |
|
Definition
| what 4 things form the mouth (oral or buccal cavity)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fleshy folds that surround the opening of the mouth and contain the orbicularis oris muscle |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the oral cavity opens into the oropharynx through an opening called what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a part of the oral cavity that is between the lips and teeth and between the cheeks and teeth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a part of the oral cavity in which the superior border is the hard palate and soft palates; inferior border is the tongue and the floor of the mouth; the posterior border in the entrance into the oropharynx; all other borders are the teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are the major salivary glands stimulated or inhibited by the parasympathetic system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are the salivary glands stimulated or inhibited by the sympathetic system? |
|
|
Term
1. parotid gland
2. submandibular gland
3. sublingual gland |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the largest of the 3 glands; it lies between the skin and the masseter muscle just anterior to the ear; relatively long excretory duct called the _______ duct which opens into the mouth at the _______ papilla; this gland is located outside of the oral cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this duct is apart of the parotid gland in which it opens into the mouth at the parotid papilla |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this is apart of the parotid gland and is found on the cheek opposite the second upper molar |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this salivary gland lies in/under floor of the mouth along the medial surfaces of the mandible; located on the outside of the oral cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the submandibular duct (which is apart of the submandibular gland) empties on either side of where? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest of the three salivary glands; beneath the tongue and is superior to the submandibular gland; the gland is located within the oral cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sublingual ducts of the sublingual gland open into where? |
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|
Term
| 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes; average secretion is 1000 ml/day - 1500 ml/day (about 1 liter) |
|
Definition
| what is the percentage of water that makes up our saliva and what is the percentage of solutes that make up our saliva? also, how much saliva does a person produce a day? |
|
|
Term
1. moistens oral mucosa
2. moistens dry food
3. provides medium for food material to dissolve so they can chemically stimulate taste buds
4. buffer contents or oral cavity (bicarbonate and phosphate ions)
5. contain amylase that partially breaks down starch (i.e. polysaccharide-chemical digestion) |
|
Definition
| what are 5 protective and digestive roles of saliva? |
|
|
Term
| superiorly at the internal nares |
|
Definition
| where does the pharynx begin? |
|
|
Term
nasal cavity and oral cavity
larynx and esophagus |
|
Definition
| what structures does the pharynx connect superiorly and inferiorly? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entrance from the pharynx to the larynx will be (anterior/posterior), while the entrance from the pharynx to the esophagus will be (anterior/posterior) |
|
|
Term
1. passageway for air and food
2. resonates sounds
3. houses tonsils (participate in immunological reactions) |
|
Definition
| what are 3 functions of the pharynx? |
|
|
Term
| nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 parts of the pharynx? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a part of the pharynx that is an air passageway only; it is superior to the soft palate; when swallowing the soft palate and the uvula move superiorly to close off this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a part of the pharynx that is an air and food passageway; its posterior to the oral cavity; between the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a part of the pharynx that is an air and food passageway; is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx inferiorly; extends from an upright epiglottis to the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collapsible muscular tube (10 inches long) that connects the laryngopharnyx to the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the esophagus anterior or posterior to the trachea? |
|
|
Term
| T10 (at the esophageal hiatus) |
|
Definition
| where does the esophagus go through the diaphragm at? |
|
|
Term
1. esophagus T10
2. aorta T12
3. inferior vena cava (T8) |
|
Definition
| what 3 structures go through the diaphragm and at what vertebral levels do they go through? |
|
|
Term
I ate ten eggs at noon
Inferior vena cava (T8); esophagus (T10); aorta (T12) |
|
Definition
| what is the saying for the three structures that pass through the diaphragm? |
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscle; smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| the muscularis externa of the superior third of the esophagus is (skeletal/smooth) muscle, while the lower third is (skeletal/smooth) muscle; the intermediate third is mixed with skeletal and smooth muscles |
|
|
Term
| deglutition (takes 4-8 seconds from mouth to stomach for solid/semisolid foods, while 1 second for liquids) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| false- no digestive enzymes are produced by esophagus, nor does any absorption take place here |
|
Definition
| true or false: the esophagus produces digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
1. secrete mucous (near stomach there are mucous glands to protect esophagus from stomach acid)
2. transport food to the stomach |
|
Definition
| what are 2 functions of the esophagus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stomach receives the bolus, but makes the bolus into something else and will pass it on the the duodenum. what is the turned into? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pulpy, semi-fluid mixture of partly digested food and digestive secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how long does food usually stay in the stomach for? |
|
|
Term
1. carbs
2. proteins
3. triglycerides |
|
Definition
| what three things are started to be chemically digested in the stomach? |
|
|
Term
1. water
2. ions
3. short-cahin fatty acids
4. drugs such as aspirin
5. alcohol |
|
Definition
| what are 5 materials can be absorbed in the stomach? |
|
|
Term
1. cardia
2. fundus
3. body
4. pylorus |
|
Definition
| what are the 4 gross anatomical subdivisions of the stomach? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subdivision of the stomach which is the area that surrounds the superior opening of the stomach; diaphragm sits right superior to here; right above diaphragm is the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subdivision of the stomach that is superior and to the left of the cardia; gases can be collected here and brought back up through burpring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subdivision of the stomach which is the large central portion of the stomach inferior to the fundus; where bolus spends most of its time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subdivision of the stomach that connects the stomach to the duodeum; starts to narrow as it approaches the pyloric sphincter |
|
|
Term
1. pyloric antrum
2. pyloric canal |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 parts of the pylorus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entrance region to pyloris; next to the body of the stomach; proximal portion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leads into the duodenum; distal portion of the pylorus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in the longitudinal folds called what? |
|
|
Term
| false- these folds do not alter the surface area available in the stomach, but instead accommodate the overall expansion of the stomach |
|
Definition
| true or false: rugae are there to increase the surface area of the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concave medial border of the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convex lateral border of the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at the lesser curvature, the visceral peritoneum becomes what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at the greater curvature, the visceral peristoneum becomes the what? |
|
|
Term
1. outer longitudinal layer
2. middle circular alyer
3. inner oblique layers
helps for further mechanical breakdown |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 layers the smooth muscle of the muscularis externa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is approximately 5" long by 1" thick; elongated gland found posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach; has a head a body and a tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what part of the pancreas lies in the C-shaped curve of the duodenum in a retroperitenial position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this part of the pancreas points toward hilum of spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions as an exocrine and endocrine gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes directly onto a surface and sees ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has interstitial fluid; ductless; secretes hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percent of the pancreas functions as an exocrine gland |
|
|
Term
| exocrine gland of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| synthesizes and secretes enzymes into the duodenum for digestion in the intestine; secretes a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains enzymes that digest starch (complex sugars), proteins, fats, and nucleic acids (does not start getting digested until it gets to the small intestine--never digested in stomach!!); also contains sodium bicarbonate which buffers the acidic gastric juices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the percentage the pancreas functions as an endocrine gland? |
|
|
Term
| endocrine gland of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| synthesizes and secretes hormones into the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are the endocrine glands located in the pancreas? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pancreatic juice is secreted by what into the small ducts which unite to form the pancreatic duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whats another name for the pancreatic duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) |
|
Definition
| the pancreatic duct normally joins the common bile duct to form what? |
|
|
Term
| major duodenal papilla (found about 10 cm or 4" distal to the pyloric sphincter) |
|
Definition
| where does the hepatonpancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) enter into to go into the duodenum of the small intestine? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2nd largest organ of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the largest internal organ (2.5% of adult body weight) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the largest body organ? |
|
|
Term
| falciform ligament (a mesentery) |
|
Definition
| a double layer; holds or attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another name for the round ligament? |
|
|
Term
| round ligament aka ligamentum teres hepatis |
|
Definition
| the remnant of the fetal umbilical vein; during embryonic development it was located right under the liver because it brought oxygenated blood towards the heart and dumps into the inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| coronary ligament (leaves the bare area of the liver-triangular space where liver is attached to the diaphragm via fat tissue) |
|
Definition
| helps attach liver to diaphragm |
|
|
Term
1. right lobe (a large lobe)
2. left lobe (a large lobe)
3. quadrate lobe (a small lobe)
4. caudate lobe (a small lobe) |
|
Definition
| what are the 4 lobes of the liver? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the right and left lobes separated by, which is a fold of the peritoneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where blood enters the liver from the proper hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| hepatic portal vein and the proper hepatic artery |
|
Definition
| two vessels where blood enters the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percentage of blood that comes into the liver is delivered from the hepatic artery proper? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percentage of blood comes into the liver from the hepatic portal vein? (deoxygenated blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brings bile out of the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what vessel brings blood out of the liver and dumps into the inferior vena cava? |
|
|
Term
| blood supply and the bile drainage (based on blood supply, the quadrate and caudate lobes belong to the left lobe) |
|
Definition
| what are functional/surgical divisions? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much bile does the liver cells secrete a day? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. water
2. bile salts
3. bilirubin
4. electrolytes |
|
Definition
| what 4 things is bile composed of? (bile is partially an excretory product and partially a digestion secretion) |
|
|
Term
| bile salts; smaller lipid globules have larger surface area for pancreatic lipase |
|
Definition
| a component of bile the has an emulsifying action where it separates molecules to make more surface area and make them into smaller molecules to speed up activity--agents for digestion and absorption of LIPIDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the spleen breaks down aged RBCs and hemoglobin (an end product of hemoglobin degradation), what is then produced? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how long are RBCs usually good for? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what organ is responsible for replacing aged RBCs? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a pigment and helps give feces its color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this enzyme breaks bonds associated with fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pear-shaped sac (7-10cm; 3-4in) located in a depression on the posterior surface of the RIGHT lobe of the liver; composed of a broad fundus (projects beyond the inferior border of the liver), body (central portion), and neck tapered portion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the enter and exit place of the gallbladder? |
|
|
Term
| to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the small intestine; bile is concentrated by the absorption of WATER and IONS |
|
Definition
| what is the function of the gallbladder? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts that is composed of cholesterol crystals (can be the size of a golf ball or a grain of salt)) |
|
|
Term
3 F's:
1) females
2) over the age of Forty
3) Fat |
|
Definition
| what makes up susceptible to cholelithiasis? |
|
|
Term
| the right and left hepatic duct |
|
Definition
| what two ducts come together to form the common hepatic duct? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what combines with common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the common hepatic duct combines with the cystic duct to form what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct come together to form what, which then dumps into the duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where oxygen, most of the nutrients, and certain toxic substances are taken up by the hepatocytes; also where hepatocytes' products are stored nutrients are secreted back into the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the only macromolecule where digestion starts in the mouth? |
|
|
Term
| plicae circulares (permanent transverse folds-at core is submucosa) |
|
Definition
| circular folds in the small intestine to create more surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the mucosa itself in the small intestine folds in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fingerlike projections of the mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| projections of the apical membrane of the intestinal absorptive cells |
|
|
Term
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 division of the small intestine from proximal to distal? |
|
|
Term
| duodenum (10 inches in length) and the ileum (6 ft) |
|
Definition
| what is the shortest and longest divisions of the small intestine? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joins the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal portion of the GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first portion of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the valve that is in between the small intestines and the large intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is attached to the cecum which is in the right lower quadrant |
|
|
Term
| cecum-ascending colon (right side of body), right colic (hepatic) flexure, transverse colon, left colic (splenic flexure) descending colon (left side of body), and sigmoid colon |
|
Definition
| what is the pathway of the large intestine? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cecum's and colon's outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa exhibits three thickened bands called? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cecum and the colon exhibit ________ which are sacs or pouches |
|
|
Term
| false- they do not have plicae circulares or villi |
|
Definition
| true or false: the mucosa of the large intestine has plicae circulares or villi |
|
|
Term
| omental appendices or epiploic appendages |
|
Definition
| visible small fatty projections of the serosa called ____________ or _____________ on the outer surface of certain areas of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not enough water reabsorbed will result in (diarrhea/constipation); too much water reabsorbed will result in (diarrhea/constipation) |
|
|
Term
1. reabsorption of electrolytes and water
2. formation and elimination of feces
3. the bacteria in the large intestine |
|
Definition
| what are 3 functions of the large intestine? |
|
|
Term
1. ferment remaining carbs and release methane, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide gases
2. breakdown any remaining amino acids
3. synthesize some vitamins which are absorbed; some B vitamins and vitamin K |
|
Definition
| what are 3 functions of the bacteria in the large intestine? |
|
|
Term
| parietal peritoneum/visceral peritoneum |
|
Definition
| serous lining the abdominopelvic cavity and the viscera located in the abdominopelvic cavity, respectively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by the parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum that is located between the parietal and visceral layers to reduce friction when the viscera move and prevent the viscera from fusing to one another or the body wall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the serous fluid is found which is between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organs that lie behind the peritoneum and, therefore, are considered _____________ |
|
|
Term
1. kidneys
2. adrenal glands
3. pancreas
4. ascending colon
5. descending colon
6. aorta
7. most of duodenum |
|
Definition
| what are the 7 organs that are considered retroperitoneal? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the peritoneum contains large folds that are double layered and fused; highway for vessels to go to and from organs; bind organs to one another and to the walls of the abdominal cavity; blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the nerves that supply the abdominal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches liver to inferior diaphragm (only 1 layer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest peritoneal fold; reflection of the peritoneum hanging the greater curvature of the stomach; drapes over the transverse colon and coils of small intestine; its actually a double sheet that fold back on itself again, giving it a total of four layers; contains a considerable amount of adipose tissue; the apron or policeman of the abdomen--will try to encase an infection in abdomen and keep it from spreading |
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|
