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The Digestive System
Chapter 6
116
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
11/12/2013

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Term
Gastroenterology
Definition
encompasses the treatment of diseases affecting the digestive system
Term
appendic/o
Definition
appendix
Term
chol/e
Definition
bile, gall
Term
cholecyst/o
Definition
gallbladder
Term
choledoch/o
Definition
bile duct
Term
col/o, colon/o
Definition
colon
Term
dent/o, odont/o
Definition
teeth
Term
duoden/o
Definition
duodenum (first part of small intestine)
Term
enter/o
Definition
intestine (usually small intestine)
Term
esophag/o
Definition
esophagus
Term
gastr/o
Definition
stomach
Term
gingiv/o
Definition
gum(s)
Term
gloss/o, lingu/o
Definition
tongue
Term
hepat/o
Definition
liver
Term
ile/o
Definition
ileum (third part of small intestine)
Term
jejun/o
Definition
jejunum (second part of small intestine)
Term
or/o, stomat/o
Definition
mouth
Term
pancreat/o
Definition
pancreas
Term
proct/o
Definition
anus, rectum
Term
ptyal/o, sial/o
Definition
saliva, salivary gland
Term
rect/o
Definition
rectum
Term
sigmoid/o
Definition
sigmoid colon
Term
aer/o
Definition
air
Term
carcin/o
Definition
cancer
Term
cirrh/o, jaund/o
Definition
yellow
Term
corpor/o
Definition
body
Term
hemat/o, hem/o
Definition
blood
Term
lith/o
Definition
stone, calculus
Term
myc/o
Definition
fungus
Term
nas/o
Definition
nose
Term
orth/o
Definition
straight
Term
polyp/o
Definition
small growth
Term
son/o
Definition
sound
Term
therm/o
Definition
heat
Term
tom/o
Definition
to cut
Term
tox/o, toxic/o
Definition
poison
Term
-ectomy
Definition
excision, removal
Term
-plasty
Definition
surgical repair
Term
-rrhaphy
Definition
suture
Term
-stomy
Definition
forming an opening (mouth)
Term
-tome
Definition
instrument to cut
Term
-tomy
Definition
incision
Term
-algia, -dynia
Definition
pain
Term
-emesis
Definition
vomiting
Term
-gram
Definition
record, writing
Term
-graphy
Definition
process of recording
Term
-iasis
Definition
abnormal condition (produced by something specific)
Term
-itis
Definition
inflammation
Term
-lith
Definition
stone, calculus
Term
-logist
Definition
specialist in study of
Term
-logy
Definition
study of
Term
-megaly
Definition
enlargement
Term
-oid
Definition
resembling
Term
-oma
Definition
tumor
Term
-osis
Definition
abnormal condition; increase (primarily used with blood cells)
Term
-pepsia
Definition
digestion
Term
-phagia
Definition
swallowing, eating
Term
-rrhea
Definition
discharge, flow
Term
-scope
Definition
instrument for examining
Term
-scopy
Definition
visual examination
Term
-spasm
Definition
involuntary contraction, twitching
Term
-stenosis
Definition
narrowing, stricture
Term
-tripsy
Definition
crushing
Term
-al, -ar, -ary, -eal, -ic
Definition
pertaining to
Term
-ia, -ice
Definition
condition
Term
-ist
Definition
specialist
Term
-y
Definition
condition, process
Term
ab-
Definition
from, away from
Term
dia-
Definition
through, across
Term
dys-
Definition
bad; painful; difficult
Term
endo-
Definition
in, within
Term
epi-
Definition
above, upon
Term
extra-
Definition
outside
Term
hyper-
Definition
excessive, above normal
Term
hypo-
Definition
under, below, deficient
Term
peri-
Definition
around
Term
sub-
Definition
under, below
Term
ultra-
Definition
excess, beyond
Term
appendicitis
Definition
inflammation of the appendix, which is usually acute and caused by blockage of the appendix followed by infection
Term
ascites
Definition
abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Term
borborygmus
Definition
gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestines
Term
cirrhosis
Definition
chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice
Term
diverticular disease
Definition
condition in which bulging pouches (diverticula) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract push the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle
Term
dysentary
Definition
inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, which may be caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites
Term
fistula
Definition
abnormal passage from one organ to another, or from a hollow organ to the surface
Term
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Definition
backflow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Term
hematochezia
Definition
passage of stools containing bright red blood
Term
hemorrhoid
Definition
mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside (internal) or just outside (external) the rectum; AKA: piles
Term
hernia
Definition
protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
Term
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Definition
ulceration of the colon mucosa
Term
Crohn disease
Definition
chronic IBD that usually affects the ileum but may affect any portion of the intestinal tract
Term
ulcerative colitis
Definition
chronic IBD of the colon characterized by episodes of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and pain
Term
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Definition
condition characterized by gastrointestinal signs and symptoms, including constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating, all in the absence of organic pathology; AKA: spastic colon
Term
jaundice
Definition
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
Term
obesity
Definition
condition in which a person accumulates an amount of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight
Term
morbid obesity
Definition
more severe obesity in which a person has a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight
Term
polyp
Definition
small, tumorlike, benign growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface
Term
colonic polyposis
Definition
condition in which polyps project from the mucous membrane of the colon
Term
polyposis
Definition
condition in which polyps develop in the intestinal tract
Term
ulcer
Definition
open sore or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
Term
volvulus
Definition
twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction
Term
barium enema (BE)
Definition
radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium) into the rectum
Term
barium swallow
Definition
radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium); AKA: upper GI series
Term
computed tomography (CT)
Definition
radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of x-rays that rotates in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views of the body that a computer interprets to produce cross-sectional images of that body part
Term
endoscopy
Definition
visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
Term
upper GI
Definition
endoscopy of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy)
Term
lower GI
Definition
endoscopy of colon (colonoscopy), sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy), and rectum and anal canal (proctoscopy)
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body
Term
stool guaiac
Definition
test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection; AKA: hemoccult test
Term
ultrasonography
Definition
imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue
Term
bariatric surgery
Definition
group of procedures that treat morbid obesity
Term
vertical banded gastroplasty
Definition
bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and a band is inserted that restricts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness
Term
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)
Definition
bariatric surgery in which the stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch and then the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through
Term
lithotripsy
Definition
procedure for eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing the stone surgically or using a noninvasive method, such as ultrasonic shock waves, to shatter it
Term
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Definition
use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones in the gallbladder and biliary ducts
Term
nasogastric intubation
Definition
insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach
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