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The Digestive System
HAP1 study
29
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/10/2013

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Term
Alimentary Canal Wall
Definition
1. Mucosa (in contact with food)
2. Sub-mucosa (blood supply and nerves)
3. Muscularis(circular and longitudinal-apart from in the stomach, where the muscle is also of the oblique
Term
Processes of the Alimentary system
Definition
Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation
Term
Mouth
Definition
Ingestion, mechanical digestion, starch break down, saliva (mucous, serous fluid, & salivary amylase). Food Bolus made, and taste buds able to function with saliva.
Term
Pharynx
Definition
Back of throat
Term
Esophagus
Definition
Runs through the diaphragm. Same 4 walls as the rest of the alimentary canal.
Term
Stomach Functions:
Definition
Storage, breakdown, gastric juice secretion, chemical break down of PROTEIN begins, makes chyme, release intrinsic factor for absorption of vitamin B12. Absorption does not occur in the stomach.
Term
Stomach Anatomy
Definition
Cardioesophageal sphincter between esophagus and stomach. Pyloric sphincter opens onto the small intestine. Has oblique muscle in addition to circular and longitudinal. There are a rugae in the mucosa of the stomach (to allow it to hold food and then shrink back down). Churning happens at the top, peristalsis occurs at the small intestine end.
Term
Stomach mucosa
Definition
Goblet cells (alkaline mucus to protect the stomach from digesting itself), Gastric pits-mucous cells (produce mucus), parietal cells (produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, which enables our bodies to absorb vitamin B12), and Chief cells (which secrete pepsinogen)
Term
Pepsin
Definition
HCL (Parietal cells in gastric pits) + pepsinogen (Chief cells in gastric pits)= pepsin (which, breaks down protein)
Term
Small intestine anatomy
Definition
duodenum
Term
Pancreas
Definition
Empties into the duodenum, through the pancreatic duct. Expels pancreatic juices and an alkaline fluid, which helps to neutralize the contents of the stomach (which, is important for food breakdown).
Term
Liver
Definition
Largest gland in the body. The liver makes bile that is then stored in the gall bladder and concentrated (and squirted into the duodenum). The liver is also responsible for storing fatty acids, glycogen, and amino acids)-protein and glycogen get to the liver via the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN.
Term
Processes of the small intesine
Definition
Propulsion (through peristalsis and segmentation) & chemical digestion
Term
Carbohydrate are broken down into and where do they come from?
Definition
Monosaccharides-or simple sugars(e.g. glucose) e.g. Carbohydrates generally come from plants but can also come from meat (meat glycogen) and milk (lactose)
Term
Proteins are broken down into and where do they come from?
Definition
Amino acids. They come from coconut and meat. Complete proteins contain all amino acids. Incomplete (e.g. legumes).
Term
Fats are broken down into and where do they come from?
Definition
fatty acids and glycerol. Fats come from nuts and vegetable oil (unsaturated) and animal products. Cholesterol comes from eggs.
Term
How are carbohydrates broken down, and where?
Definition
Carbohydrates are broken down into starch (or can be) at the mouth. Pancreatic amylase in the duodenum and brush border enzymes then continue their break down into glucose.
Term
How is glucose transported and where is it stored?
Definition
enter the blood via micro villi and then transported to the liver, through the Hepatic Portal Vein to the liver(control centre). It is then stored as either glycogen within skeleta l muscles or the liver itself.
Term
How is protein broken down and where?
Definition
Protein break down begins in the stomach with the aid of pepsin. Pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes in the duodenum complete break down.
Term
How are amino acids transported and where are they stored?
Definition
Amino acids enter the blood via micro villi, then through capillaries. They, like glucose, also enter the liver via the Hepatic Portal Vein. Amino acids are not stored as energy but are used to rebuild the body and are only used as energy during starvation.
Term
How are fats broken down and where?
Definition
Fats are broken down in the duodenum with the aid of pancreatic lipase and bile (which, emulsifies fat-breaks it into smaller pieces).
Term
How are fats transported and stored in the body?
Definition
fatty acids and glycerol enter lacteal of villi and are transported through the lymphatic system until they enter the blood system via the thoracic duct. Fatty acids are then stored in the liver.
Term
How does the body use protein?
Definition
Rebuilding (e.g. in DNA) and as a potential energy source
Term
How does the body use carbohydrates?
Definition
Energy, cell membranes, nuclei acids
Term
How does the body use fat?
Definition
Hormones, myelin sheath, adipose tissue, cell membranes, energy (which, produces ketones=toxic)-to be broken down into ATP fat must be converted to acetic acid and then go through the Krebs cycle. Fat cells keep on filling.
Term
Parts of the large intestine:
Definition
Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal
Also: ascending, transverse,
descending, sigmoid
Contains: goblet cells (alkaline mucus), and Haustra (made from teniae coli), and bacteria that produce gas and vitamins B and K.
Term
Processes of the large intestine?
Definition
Propulsion (12-24 hours & mass movements 3-4 times a day), Haustral contractions, defecation reflex (internal and external rectum sphincters-one under voluntary control...diarrhea overrides this reflex, powered by stretch receptors
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The sum of all the chemical reactions required to maintain life, to produce ATP.

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water+ ATP
Term
What is the process of cellular respiration?
Definition
1. Glycolysis-glucose is split into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm of a cell
2. Kreb's cycle-glucose is split to release carbon dioxide in the mitochondria
3. Electron Transport Chain-H is added to the chain and ATP is produced in the mitochondria
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