Term
| What are the main structures of the digestive system? |
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Definition
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Anus |
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Term
| What are the associated structures of the digestive system? |
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Definition
Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Liver |
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Term
| What is the main function of the digestive system? |
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Definition
| To break down food and alter its structure making its easier to be absorbed by the body |
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Term
| What does the Oral Cavity consist of? |
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Definition
Lips
Teeth
Gums
Palate
Tongue |
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Term
| What is the main function of the Oral Cavity? |
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Definition
| To manipulate food by chewing it and breaking it down to form a bolus of food which will pass down the oesophagus |
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Term
| What are the three bones which form the rood of the mouth? |
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Definition
Palatine Bone
Maxilla Bone
Incisive Bone |
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Term
| What is the base of the mouth made up of? |
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Definition
| The left and right mandible |
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Term
| What type of membranes line the cheeks? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main muscle of mastication? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three muscles of mastication? |
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Definition
Temporalis
Digastricus
Masseter |
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Term
| What happens to food once its within the mouth? |
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Definition
| It is broken up and mixed with PTYALIN and AMYLASE in the Saliva |
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Term
| Where is Amylase secreted from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Amylase and Ptyalin initiates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What connects the midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the papillae on the tongue? |
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Definition
| Provides surface area around which taste buds are arranged |
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Term
| In cats what way do the tongue papillae point? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do tongue papillae point backwards in cats? |
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Definition
| Aid in grooming and help control the food within the mouth |
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Term
| What are the main functions of the tongue? |
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Definition
Manipulation of food
Taste
Grooming
Thermoregulation |
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Term
| What is the purpose of saliva? |
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Definition
Lubricates food making it easier to swallow
Keeps mouth moist
Initiates carbohydrate digestion |
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Term
| What is the make up of saliva? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four pairs of salivary glands? |
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Definition
Parotid
Zygomatic
Submandibular
Sublingual |
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Term
| Is the production of saliva continuous, yes or no? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four types of teeth? |
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Definition
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars |
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Term
| What is the gap between the canines and molars called in herbivores? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of incisors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of canines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the pre-molars? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is are the functions of molars? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many roots do the molars have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many roots do the pre-molars have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which teeth have only one root? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the differences between deciduous teeth and permanent teeth? |
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Definition
| Deciduous are present from birth and erupt in the first few months of life are smaller and whiter than premanent teeth and are replaced by permanent teeth in the first 8 months of life |
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Term
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Definition
| Juvenile and Mature sets of teeth erupt and roots close |
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Term
| Define: Radicular Hypsodont |
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Definition
| Tooth crow erupts throughout life and the roots close |
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Term
| Define: Aradicular Hypsodont |
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Definition
| Continuous tooth growth throughout life and roots remain open |
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Term
| What is the dental formula for puppy teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dental formula for adult dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dental formula for kitten teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dental formula for adult cats? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dental formula for rabbits? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dental formula for guinea pigs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dental formula for rodents? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dental formula for ferrets? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dental formula for foals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dental formula for adult horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dental formula for deciduous ruminants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the permanent dental formula for ruminants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the pharynx? |
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Definition
| To convey food from the oral cavity to the oesophagus by swallowing |
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Term
| What is the technical term for swallowing ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process of swallowing? |
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Definition
| food is formed into a bolus and passed to the back of the mouth, the walls of the pharynx contract and push the bolus towards the oesophagus as this happens the epiglottis closes to prevent food entering the larynx, the pharynx opens and the tongue pushes the food into the pharynx, peristalsis occurs and the epiglottis falls open |
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Term
| Where is the stomach found? |
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Definition
| Left cranial abdomen behind the diaphragm |
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Term
| What is the outer wall of the stomach made up of? |
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Definition
| three layers of smooth muscle |
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Term
| What happens when the three layers of smooth muscle contract? |
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Definition
| mixing of the ingested food and digestive secretions |
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Term
| The gastric mucosa is folded to from the...? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of the Rugae? |
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Definition
| Enables the stomach to stretch and contains the gastric pits |
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Term
| What is the food turned into in the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two spinchters in the stomach? |
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Definition
Cardiac Spinchter
Pyloric Spinchter |
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Term
| What supports the intestines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the intestines a major site for? |
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Definition
| Enzymatic digestion and absorption |
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Term
| What is the name for where the small intestines meets the large intestines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Ileo-Caecal Junction? |
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Definition
| Breaks down cellulose in herbivores |
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Term
| What are the three sections of small intestines? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the duodenum receive secretions from? |
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Definition
The pancreas via the pancreatic duct
The gall bladder via the common bile duct |
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Term
| What glands are found in the walls of the small intestines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What the brunners glands secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Duodenum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Jejunum? |
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Definition
Proximal Section - Digestion
Distal Section - Absorption |
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Term
| What are within the walls of the ileum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Ileum? |
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Definition
| Absorption of electrolytes and products of digestion |
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Term
| In the intestinal wall the epithelium is folded into? |
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Definition
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Term
| From each epithelial cells in the intestinal wall there is a ...? |
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Definition
| Brush border of microvilli |
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Term
| What is the functions of Villi and Microvilli? |
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Definition
| To increase the surface area for absorption |
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Term
| What is located between the villi? |
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Definition
| Small openings containing intestinal glands which secrete enzymes and mucous |
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Term
| What is inside each villi? |
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Definition
A capillary network
A lymphatic capillary |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the capillary network within the villi? |
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Definition
| To carry digested proteins and carbohydrates to the liver via the hepatic portal vein |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the lymphatic capillary within the villi? |
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Definition
| To carry chyle to product of fat digestion to the cisterna chyli and then into the systemic circulation |
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Term
| Where is the pancreas located? |
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Definition
| In the dorsal abdomen in between the two arms of the duodenum |
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Term
| Where is the gall bladder located? |
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Definition
| In between the lobes of the liver |
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Term
| What does the gall bladder collect from the Liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is bile yellowy green? |
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Definition
| due to the pigment bilirubin |
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Term
| What does bile contain and what is it needed for? |
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Definition
| contains bile salts needed to emulsify fats |
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Term
| What are the two stages of digestion? |
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Definition
Mechanial - chewing
Chemical - digestive enzymes, acid and bile |
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Term
| What do proteins break down into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do fats break down into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Carbohydrates break down into? |
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Definition
| Glucose and simple sugars |
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Term
| What hormone initiates the secretion of gastric secretion? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What stimulates the release of Gastrin? |
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Definition
| Distension of the stomach |
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Term
| What cells produce Mucus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the function of Mucus? |
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Definition
| To lubricate food and prevent auto digestion of the gastric mucosa |
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Term
| What cells produce Hydrochloric Acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of Hydrochloric Acid? |
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Definition
| Denature protein and kill harmful bacteria and convert pepsinogen to pepsin |
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Term
| What cells produce Pepsinogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is secreted into the small intestine? |
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Definition
Bile from the Liver
Pancreatic Juices
Intestinal Juices |
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Term
| What is Bile essential for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of Bile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Bile? |
|
Definition
| To break down the surface tension between fats and water so that fats are broken down into smaller droplets forming a emulsion making it easier for enzymes to work |
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Term
| What enzyme does bile activate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Bilirubin produced from? |
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Definition
| It is produced from the break down of RBC's |
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Term
| What stimulates the pancreatic juices to be produced? |
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Definition
| Gastrin and Cholecystokinin |
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Term
| Are Pancreatic Juices acidic or alkaline? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are the pancreatic juices alkaline? |
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Definition
| To neutralise acidity of chyme from the stomach and to provide a suitable environment for pancreatic enzymes to work |
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Term
| What is the function of bicarbonate? |
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Definition
Neutralise acidic environment
Stop action of pepsin
enable intestinal digestive enzymes to act |
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Term
| What converts trypsinogen into active tryspin? |
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Definition
| Enterokinase in the succus entericus |
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Term
| What is the function of Trypsin? |
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Definition
| Breakdown peptides and proteins into amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
|
Definition
| Break down starches into maltose |
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Term
| What is the function of intestinal juices? |
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Definition
| To convert some inactive pancreatic enzymes into active forms |
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Term
| What are the intestinal juices produced in response to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When is secretin released in the digestive process? |
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Definition
| In response to chyme passing through the pyloric sphincter |
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Term
| Where are water, electrolytes and water soluble vitamins absorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells does the large intestines contain to most of and what do they produce? |
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Definition
| Goblets Cells to produce mucus |
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Term
| What is the purpose of mucus in the large intestines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main functions of the large intestines? |
|
Definition
To compact faeces
To store faeces
To expel waste |
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Term
| What are the sections of the large intestines called? |
|
Definition
Caecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Rectum
Anus |
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Term
| What is the function of the Caecum? |
|
Definition
| In herbivores its acts as site of bacterial breakdown of vegetation |
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Term
| What is the function of the Rectum? |
|
Definition
| Store faeces prior to defecation |
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Term
| What type of control is the internal anal sphincter under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of control is the external anal sphincter under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the anal sacs found? |
|
Definition
| Between the internal and external sphincter |
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Term
| Where is the Liver located? |
|
Definition
| Against the diaphragm, cranially and to the right of the stomach |
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|
Term
| What is the correct term for a liver cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the Liver? |
|
Definition
Protein Metabolism
Urea Formation
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Fat Metabolism
Production and secretion of bile
Vitamin Storage
Detoxification and conjugation of steroid hormones
Thermoregulation
Iron Storage
Gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| Where does the liver receive its blood from? |
|
Definition
Hepatic Artery
Hepatic Portal Vein |
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|
Term
| What is the point of the Hepatic Portal System? |
|
Definition
| To ensures that the products of digestion absorbed into the blood system travel to the liver before they reach the systemic circulation |
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|
Term
| What are the functions of the Hepatic Portal System? |
|
Definition
Traps and destroys toxins in blood
Allows liver to get first access to products of digestion |
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