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The Digestive System
EXAM 4
78
Anatomy
Not Applicable
04/12/2012

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Cards

Term
What internal organ has the greatest power of regeneration in the body?
Definition
The Liver
Term
Cells of the liver that all look alike and DO NOT specialize.
Definition
Hepatocytes
Term
The liver produces about how many different chemicals?
Definition
500
Term
Where in the body is the liver located?
Definition
Anchored to the underside of the diaphragm
Term
Anterior surface, found at midline of the body, used to divide the liver into small left lobe and large right lobe
Definition
Falciform Ligament
Term
Double layer of parietal peritoneum - "anchors" liver to ventral abdominal wall
Definition
Falciform Ligament
Term
Superior surface; surrounds the bare area (no area peritoneum on the bare area)
Definition
Coronary Ligament
Term
Anchors liver to the diaphragm
Definition
Coronary Ligament
Term
Round ligament - posterior surface; same plane as the falciform ligament
Definition
Ligamentum teres
Term
Imbedded on the back of right lobe of liver
Definition
Gallbladder
Term
Liver uses blood while it is in the _____ _____.
Definition
Hepatic Sinusoid
Term
Once blood reaches the _____ _____, the liver is dont with the blood.
Definition
Central vein
Term
________ _______ flows in the opposite direction of blood.
Definition
Bile production
Term
Right and Left hepatic ducts combine to form the ____ ____ ____.
Definition
Common hepatic duct
Term
Common hepatic duct combines with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the _____ _____ _____.
Definition
Common bile duct
Term
Common bile duct connects with the _____ _____ of the pancreas.
Definition
pancreatic duct
Term
Portal triad
Definition
hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct
Term
Initially voluntary; then it becomes entirely reflexive
Definition
Swallowing
Term
During swallowing when the larynx elevates, the epiglottis...
Definition
Tips back and down
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
Movement of food down the esophagus
Term
Dysphagia
Definition
A swallowing disorder
Term
Has millions of gastric glands; secreting gastric juice
Definition
The stomach
Term
Gastric glands have what 3 types of cells
Definition
mucous cells (goblet), parietal cells, and chief cells
Term
Thick, sticky, lines stomach walls
Definition
Mucous cells (goblet)
Term
Secret HCl
Definition
Parietal cells
Term
secrete ezymes, primarily pepsinogen (inactive)
Definition
Cheif cells
Term
Hows does pepsiongen become active?
Definition
With combination of HCl it becomes pepsin
Term
Pepsin
Definition
- a protease (protein digestor)
- attacks ant protein; not picky; but does not fully digest
- long polpeptides - pepsin - short polpeptides
- fully formed pepsin would kill chief cells if made in this form, that is why the secrete pepsinogen
Term
HCl
Definition
- provides optimum pH for pepsin to operate
- helps activate pepsinogen
- breaks tertiary & quarternary protein bonds
- kills many bacteria
Term
What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?
Definition
- cephalic phase
- gastric phase
- intestinal phase
Term
Conditioned reflex via vagal stimulus to the stomach; occures prior to food entering the stomach or mouth; just thinking about food or smelling food you like
Definition
Cephalic phase
Term
endocrine response; occurs when food arrives in the stomach; gastrin hormone is released (does not go into the stomach) - target: gastric glands
Definition
Gastric phase
Term
Occurs after the stomach is empty if chyme is still present in duodenum or proximal jejunum
Definition
Intestinal phase
Term
How long does food remain in the stomach?
Definition
pure carb - w/in 2 hours
high fat or protein - w/in 6 hours
Term
What causes inhibition of gastric secretion?
Definition
- unappetizing food (cephalic phase only)
- sympathetic stimulus
- acid build up in stomach (neg-feedback mech.)
- fatty & or chyme in proximal small intestine
Term
Fatty & or chyme build up in the proximal small intestine stimulates what other 2 digestive hormones?
Definition
- secretin
- CCK (cholesystokinin)
Term
What does the hormone secretin target?
Definition
Neck cells in the pancreas (acini)
Term
What does the hormone CCK target?
Definition
Acinar cells in the pancreas
Term
Where does almost all of digestion and absorption occur?
Definition
The small intestine
Term
For digestion and absorption to occur in the small intestine we need secretions from where?
Definition
pancreas and liver
Term
Aqueous juice; sodium bicarbonate; no enzymes; used to neutralize acid from the stomach; targeted by secretin
Definition
Neck cells in the pancreas (acini)
Term
enzyme juice; works virtually on any type of food molecule you have coming in; targeted by CCK
Definition
acinar cells in the pancreas (acini)
Term
Name 5 pancreatic enzymes
Definition
- amylase
- cholesterol esterase
- lipase
- nucleases
- proteases
Term
What pancreatic enzyme breaks down starches to dissacharides?
Definition
Amylase
Term
Which pancreatic enzyme breaks large cholesterol clumps in to individual cholesterols?
Definition
Cholesterol esterase
Term
Which pancreatic enzyme breaks down triglycerides - monoglycerides - glycerol - FFAs
Definition
Lipase
Term
What makes up a triglyceride?
Definition
glycerol (3 carbons) + 3 fatty acids
Term
Which pancreatic enzyme breaks down DNase and RNase?
Definition
Nucleases
Term
The pancreatic enzyme protease has 3 diff types, what are they?
Definition
- tripsinogen
- chymotrypsinogen
- procarbocypeptidase
Term
_____ synthesizes bile & the _______ stores and concentrates bile.
Definition
The liver, gallbladder
Term
Thick, yellowish. alkaline pH, contains water, cholesterol, and inorganic salts
Definition
Bile
Term
Bile pigments
Definition
- biliverdin (greenish/yellowish in color)
- bilirubin (redish/brownish in color), gives feces its color - result of hemoglobin breakdown
Term
Bile Salts
Definition
emulsify fats - taking big fat droplets and breaking them into tiny soluble fat droplets
Term
One end that is polar, hydrophilic; the other end is non-polar, hydrophobic, loves fat
Definition
Amphipathic
Term
Formed around tiny fat droplets (spherical) with polar heads facing out and nonpolar tails facing the fat
Definition
Micelles
Term
Liver bile synthesized because:
Definition
-secretion
-vagal stimulation
Term
Gallbladder released because:
Definition
-CCK
Term
Targets:neck cells of pancreas, liver to produce bile
Inhibits:gastric secretion and motility
Definition
Secretin
Term
Targets:acinar cells (release of enzyme juice), gallbladder to release bile
Inhibits:gastric secretion and motility
Definition
CCK
Term
Intestinal Crypts
Definition
Secrets mucus, amylase (small amount), enterokinase (activates trypsiogen)
Term
Intestinal epithelia
Definition
Membrane bound enzymes of microvilli
Term
Intestinal epithelia
Definition
Membrane bound enzymes of microvilli
Term
Name 3 disaccharidases.
Definition
-sucrase
-maltase
-lactase
Term
Breaks bond between table sugar, glucose-frutose (sucrose)
Definition
Sucrase
Term
Act as active transport "pumps" - completely absorbed carbs
Definition
Sucrase
Term
Breaks bond between glucose-glucose (maltose)
Definition
Maltase
Term
Breaks bond between lactose
Definition
Lactase
Term
Breaks down peptides by breaking down 2 amino acids and the actively transport them into the cell
Definition
Dipeptidases
Term
How do triglycerides enter a cell?
Definition
The have to be broken down, then put back together (not necessarily in the same way)
Term
Triglycerides collect into tiny droplets that become encased in proteins forming a type of lipoprotein called ________.
Definition
chylomicrons
Term
Too big to pump into blood capillary, but they do diffuse into lacteals (lymoh capillaries) which are much more permeable than blood capillaries
Definition
Chylomicrons
Term
What color is lymph when it is actively absorbing fats?
Definition
white
Term
What happens to the water in chyme as it moves through the ileocecal valve into the large intestine?
Definition
Must be moved out, sodium and chloride leave the intestines with water following
Term
Breaks down glycogen forming glucose; raises blood sugar
Definition
Glycogenolysis
Term
Makes glycogen from glucose; lowers blood sugar
Definition
Glycogenesis
Term
What are the 2 condition in which our bodies can produce alot of ketones?
Definition
-starvation
-uncontrolled diabetes
-extreme low carb diets
Term
Ketones are formed from excess _____
Definition
Acetyl Co-A
Term
Ketones are made because the cells are starving for _______.
Definition
Glucose
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