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The Cold War-Ch. 17
CHS 9 Vinton
92
History
9th Grade
03/17/2013
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Term
What was decided at the Yalta conference?
 Definition
to divide Germany into zones after the war, compensation to be paid to the Soviet Union, Soviet Union would join war against Japan, Stalin would allow free elections in Eastern Europe.
Term
What was the purpose of the United Nations?
 Definition
to protect the members against aggression
Term
Who were the permanent members of the Security Council?  How many original members were there of the Security Council?
 Definition
Britain, France, China, the U.S., the Soviet Union;11 members (today: 15 members)
Term
What were the different goals of the U.S. and the Soviet Union?
 Definition
See chart on page 532.
Term
Why were their goals different?
 Definition
Each country had different war time experiences and different ideologies.
Term
What were the Soviet Union’s "satellite" nations?
 Definition
Nations in Eastern Europe which would provide a buffer zone for the Soviet Union. The governments of these countries would be dominated by the political interests of the Soviet Union.
Term
Where was the "iron curtain"?
 Definition
the imaginary line dividing the mostly democratic countries of Western Europe and the communist countries of Eastern Europe.
Term
What happened to Germany?
 Definition
It was divided into two parts: the German Democratic
Republic in the east and the Federal Republic of Germany in the west.
Term
What were the goals of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan?
 Definition
to support countries which rejected communism – in an effort to “contain” communism (containment)
Term
Which countries first received aid as a result of the Truman Doctrine?
 Definition
Turkey and Greece
Term
What was the Berlin airlift? (1948-1949)What led to it?
 Definition
When West Berlin was cut off from the West, American and British officials flew food and supplies into West Berlin for nearly 11 months.;Soviet opposition to the unification of West Germany.
Term
What alliance was formed in response to NATO?
 Definition
the Warsaw Pact
Term
What was brinkmanship?
 Definition
the willingness to go to the brink, or edge, of war – fueled the production and stockpiling of nuclear weapons.
Term
Which country launched the first satellite?
 Definition
Soviet Union – Sputnik 1957
Term
How did the United States respond?
 Definition
poured money into science education.
Term
When was the U-2 incident?
 Definition
The Soviets shot down a U-2 plane and its pilot when it was surveying soviet territory in 1960.
Term
What happened to Francis Gary Powers?
 Definition
He was captured and then released in 1962.
Term
Where was Mao's stronghold?
 Definition
northwestern China
.
Term
Why did peasants support the Communists?
 Definition
The Communists had treated the peasants well; they had promoted literacy and improved food production.
Term
Where were the Nationalists dominant?
 Definition
southwestern China
.
Term
Did the Nationalists help much with the fight against the Japanese?
 Definition
not really.
Term
What were the Nationalist advantages during the Civil War?
 Definition
a large army and money from the U.S.
Term
Why were the Communists so successful?
 Definition
They had won popular support.
Term
What happened to the Nationalists?
 Definition
They lost and fled to the island which was then called Formosa.
Term
In what way were there "two Chinas"?
 Definition
(“Mainland” China vs. Formosa/Taiwan)
Term
How did this situation intensify the Cold War?
 Definition
Each of the “super powers” was helping one of the “Chinas.”
Term
How did the U.S. help the Nationalist government?
 Definition
It helped to set up the Nationalist government.
Term
How did the Soviets help the People's Republic?
 Definition
The Soviets provided financial, military, and technical aid.
Term
To what areas did China expand?
 Definition
into Tibet, India, and Inner Mongolia.
Term
What led to resentment between India and China?
 Definition
India welcomed many of the refugees from Tibet. There were clashes over the jurisdiction of the borders.
Term
What is meant by a "Mandate of Heaven"?Why did the Communists claim to have a new one?
 Definition
“a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source”“The concept of the mandate of heaven was that a king's rule was based on the blessing of heaven and that if a king ruled unwisely, heaven would be displeased and would give the mandate to someone else.”;Because they had taken over from an ineffective government.
Term
How was the new Chinese government organized?What role did Mao play?
 Definition
There were two parallel political organizations: the Communist party and the national government.;He headed both of the political organizations.
Term
How did Mao attempt to change China's economy?
 Definition
He wanted to base the new economy on Marxist socialism.
Term
What was the "Great Leap Forward"?Was it successful?
 Definition
It was a plan to improve China’s economy. Much of it was based on the idea of very, very large collective farms.;No – due to poor planning and “backyard” industries.
Term
What happened to the relationship between the Soviet Union and China?
 Definition
Their “spirit of cooperation faded.” The two countries competed over worldwide leadership and borders.
Term
How did Mao respond to other leaders moving away from strict socialist ideas?
 Definition
He didn’t like those changes; he felt that China’s new economic policies weakened the Communist goal of social equality.
Term
Who were the Red Guards?
 Definition
China’s young population, mainly teenagers, which were to “learn revolution by making revolution.”
Term
What was the purpose of the Cultural Revolution?
 Definition
to create a society of peasants and workers
Term
What was the result of the Cultural Revolution?
 Definition
It was a disaster and led to chaos.
Term
When was Korea divided?
 Definition
at the end of World War II (1945)
Term
Where was the division?
 Definition
38th parallel
Term
What led to the Korean War?
 Definition
The North Koreans launched a surprise attack on South Korea in June of 1950. South Korea asked the U.N. to intervene. The U.N. Security Council voted to send an international force to Korea to stop the invasion.
Term
Why didn't the Soviets block the intervention of U.N. forces?
 Definition
The Soviets were boycotting the Security Council. They were protesting the inclusion of Nationalist China (Formosa/Taiwan) at rather than Communist China at the U.N.
Term
When was the war fought?
 Definition
1950-1953
Term
Over what Korean War strategy did Truman and MacArthur disagree?
 Definition
the use of nuclear weapons
Term
What was the result of the Korean War?
 Definition
a stalemate and finally a cease fire
Term
What has happened in North Korea? in South Korea?
 Definition
Korea is still divided at the 38th parallel. The two countries are separated by a demilitarized zone.
North Korea – a communist country – first led by Kim Il Sung and now by his son Kim Jong Il – serious economic problems and development of nuclear weapons
South Korea – massive aid (especially from the U.S.) helped build a strong economy – dictatorships have been replaced by a democratic political system
Term
What led to war in Vietnam? (from French colonialism to the domino theory)
 Definition
The people of Vietnam were tired of foreign rule. (from French colonialism to the domino theory)
Term
What kind of ruler was Diem?
 Definition
He was a dictator.
Term
What made Ho Chi Minh popular?
 Definition
He was a Vietnamese nationalist and led efforts to drive foreigners out of Vietnam.
“The Viet Cong may have been communists, but they were nationalists first – and prepared to fight however long it took to free their country.” (Newsweek, 19 April 2004, 31)
Term
What was important about the Gulf of Tonkin resolution?
 Definition
It authorized the U.S. president to send troops to fight in Vietnam.
Term
What led to U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam?
 Definition
The war became increasingly unpopular.
Term
Who were the Khmer Rouge? How did they rule in Cambodia?
 Definition
Communist rebels in Cambodia.The Khmer Rouge set up a brutal communist government. Their leader, Pol Pot, died in 1998.
Term
What's Vietnam like today?
 Definition
Today there is one communist Vietnam. However, the country welcomes foreign investment and has a “normal” relationship with the United States.
Term
Why did China enter the war?
 Definition
The Chinese felt threatened by the presence of the U.N. troops at the Yalu River by their border.
Term
What is meant by the First World, the Second World, the Third World?
 Definition
the developing nations which were not aligned with one of the superpowers.
Term
Where were these developing nations of the Third World?
 Definition
Latin America, Asia, Africa
Term
How were these Third World countries affected by the Cold War?
 Definition
The superpowers would use various techniques to gain influence in these countries and the developing countries could benefit by “playing off” the superpowers against each other.
Term
What strategies were used during the Cold War?
 Definition
The superpowers provided military aid and financial aid for various anti-poverty programs, like building schools.
Term
How did the Cold War influence American and Soviet actions in Latin America? (Cuba, Nicaragua)
 Definition
The superpowers would try to support the “side” with shared ideological interests.
Term
What led to a revolution in Cuba in 1959?
 Definition
resentment towards the unpopular dictator, Batista (who had U.S. support)
Term
What had been Castro's goals?
 Definition
to bring social reforms and improve the economy.
Term
What led to an embargo placed on all U.S. trade with Cuba?
 Definition
Castro nationalized the Cuban economy.
Term
What happened during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
 Definition
The Soviet Union began building missile sites in Cuba and an American spy plane discovered the sites. That led to a showdown between the U.S. president Kennedy and the soviet premier Khrushchev.
Term
What effect has the breakup of the Soviet Union had on Cuba?
 Definition
The lack of Soviet aid crippled the Cuban economy.
Term
Why did the U.S. stop their support of the Sandinista rebels?
 Definition
The Sandinista rebels began to help the Marxist rebels in neighboring El Salvador.
Term
What is meant by the clash of religious and secular values in Iran?
 Definition
There was disagreement about the best direction for the country: to be a country based on traditional Islamic values or to be a country which followed the path of the West and its materialism.
Term
Why did the U.S. support the shah of Iran?
 Definition
The shah, Reza Pahlavi, embraced Western government and wealthy Western oil companies.
Term
What's an ayatollah?
 Definition
an Islamic religious leader
Term
What led to an Iranian revolution and the success of the Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979?
 Definition
While some Iranians lived in luxury, many lived in extreme poverty. That contributed to the weakening of the shah and the rise of Khomeini, who spoke strongly against Western values and influence. Riots in 1978 Iran led to the shah fleeing the country and the return of Khomeini from exile.
Term
How did the followers of Khomeini feel about the United States? Why?
 Definition
They hated the U.S.; The U.S. had supported the shah.
Term
What happened at the U.S. embassy in Tehran?
 Definition
More than 60 Americans were taken hostage. The revolutionaries demanded that the shah be returned to stand trial.
Term
With which country was Iran engaged in a war?
 Definition
Iraq
Term
Which country did the U.S. support?
 Definition
both!
Term
Why did the Soviets invade Afghanistan in 1979?
 Definition
A revolt in Afghanistan threatened to topple the Communist government there. That government was backed by the Soviet Union.
Term
What was the Soviet expectation?
 Definition
a quick withdrawal front the country after shoring up the Afghan Communists.
Term
Who were the mujahideen?
 Definition
the Afghan rebels, also known as holy warriors
Term
Who were the Taliban?
 Definition
Islamic religious students who also fought against the Soviet occupation
Term
Whom did the U.S. support?
 Definition
the mujahideen
Term
How did Khrushchev address the "Stalin" years?
 Definition
He denounced Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens. That began the policy of destalinization, a campaign to purge the country of Stalin’s memory.
Term
What happened as a result of protest in Hungary?(1956)
 Definition
Soviet tanks and troops stormed Budapest to stop any reforms. A pro-Soviet government was established and the liberal Hungarian Communist leader, Nagy, was executed.
Term
What happened as a result of protest in Czechoslovakia? (1968, Prague Spring)
 Definition
Armed forces from the Warsaw Pact nations invaded the country to stop reforms. The Czech Communist leader, Dubcek, tried to loosen controls on censorship and create socialism with “a human face.”
Term
Why did Khrushchev lose his job as a Soviet leader?
 Definition
He lost prestige as a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis. It seemed that he had “lost” to JFK.
Term
What kind of leader was Brezhnev?
 Definition
Brezhnev was a “hardliner.” He used repressive domestic policies to limit individual rights. And, he would not tolerate any dissent from the Eastern European satellite countries.
Term
What led to the split between China and the Soviet Union?
 Definition
China did not want to follow Soviet leadership and began to “export” its own brand of communism.
Term
What is détente? Why did detente replace brinkmanship?
 Definition
a policy of lessening Cold War tensions;The aggressive policies of brinkmanship could too easily lead to nuclear war.
Term
How did Nixon dramatically change U.S. foreign policy?
 Definition
He moved towards practicing détente. His use of détente grew out of the idea of realpolitik, being practical and flexible.
Term
Why did Nixon – as president - go to China?
 Definition
It showed the practice of détente and he wanted Chinese support in meeting with the Soviets.
Term
Politically, why could Nixon take that step?
 Definition
He was clearly viewed as an anti-Communist.
Term
What was historic about SALT?
 Definition
The agreement between Nixon and Brezhnev demonstrated the first attempt to limit the number of intercontinental ballistic and submarine-launched missiles.
Term
How did U.S. foreign policy change under Reagan?
 Definition
He moved away from the policies of détente and increased defense spending. That put more pressure on the Soviets. He also suggested a program to protect against enemy missiles, called the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), which was nicknamed “Star Wars.”
Term
Which type of foreign policy was practiced by the following presidents?
Eisenhower,JFK
,Johnson,
Nixon,
Ford,
Reagan
 Definition
Eisenhower-brinkmanship
JFK
-brinkmanship
Johnson
-brinkmanship
Nixon-détente

Ford
-détente
Reagan-brinkmanship
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