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The CNS
Chapter 13
110
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/06/2010

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Term
Gray Matter
Definition

Contains cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia

Term
Nuclei
Definition
Clusters of nerve cell bodies (within gray matter)
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
Main site of synapse between neurons
Term
White Matter
Definition
Contains myelinated axons that form tracts within the CNS that carry nerve signals
Term
Tracts
Definition
Bundles of myelinated axons form...
Term
Brainstem
Definition
continuous with the spinal cord and consists of medulla oblongata
Term
Cerebellum
Definition

Located posterior to the brainstem and is divided into hemispheres

 

Term
Diencephalon
Definition
Consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Term
Cerebrum
Definition

Divided into hemispheres

*Separates us from other animals

Term
Meninges
Definition
Fibrous CT coverings that enclose the brain and spinal cord
Term
Dura mater
Definition
Outermost meninx and is composed of dense irregular CT and lines cranial avit and surrounds spinal cord
Term
Epidural Space
Definition

Located between wall of verbebral canal is felled with blood vessels, adipose tissue, and loose CT

*Provides extra cushion and protection

Term
Cranial Dura Mater
Definition

Lies tightly agains cranial bones and consists of two layers

*Extension of dura mater and separates major parts of the brain

Term

Arachnoid Mater

"Spider"

Definition

 Middle meninx and is composed of delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers

 

Term
Pia Mater
Definition

Thin layer of transparent collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and it adheres to both the spinal cord an the brain

 

Term
Subarachnoid Space
Definition
between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater and filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Meningitis
Definition
An inflammation of the arachnoid mater &/or pia mater caused by bacteria &/or viruses that invade the CNS via the nose or throat
Term
Bacterial Meningitis
Definition

Brain swells, ventricles enlarge,brainstem may start to hemorrhage (bleed)

*Symptoms include high fever, stiff neck, drowsniness, intense headache, or coma

*Death may occur within hours of onset

*Infants and children (esp. ages 3 mo.-2 yrs.)

Term
Subdural Space
Definition
Fluid-filled space that separates the arachnoid mater from the dura mater
Term
Ventricles
Definition
(4) fluid-filled chambers in the brain
Term
Lateral Ventricles
Definition
(2) extend into the cerebral hemispheres (C-shaped)
Term
3rd Ventricle
Definition
Located along the midline of the brain and connects to lateral venticles by interventricular foramen
Term
Cerebral Aqueduct
Definition
Connects fourth ventricle to third ventricle
Term
Choroid Plexuses
Definition
Ventricles and canals are linked between ependymal cells and capillary networks that produce and secrete up to 500mL daily
Term
Circulating Volume
Definition
As CSF circulates, it is constantly reabsorbed so circulating volume is 100-160mL per day
Term
CSF
Definition
A clear, colorless liquid that contains proteins, salts, glucose, urea, and ions
Term
CSF
Definition
Probides buoyancy so the brain "floats" in the cranial cavity
Term
CSF
Definition
Serves as a shock absorber to protect the brain and spinal cord from jolts
Term
CSF
Definition
Provides a medium for exchanging nutrients and wastes between blood and nerve tissue
Term
Circulation Route of CSF
Definition
CSF circulates through the ventricles into the central canal of the spinal cord an into the subarachnoid space before it is gradually reabsorbed back into the blood
Term
Hydrocephalus
Definition
Accumulation of fluid in ventricles that can compress delicate nervous tissue and damage the brain due to any obstruction or inflammation of the brain that interferes with the circulation of CSF
Term
Why must the brain be well-supplied with O2 and nutrients?
Definition
Because the brain is one othe the most metabolically active organsof the body...
Term
10 second interruption of brain flow can cause...
Definition
Can cause a loss of consciousness
Term
1-2 minute interruption of blood flow to brain
Definition
This amount of time without blood flow to the brain will cause impaired neurological funciton
Term
4 minute interruption of blood flow to the brain...
Definition
This amount of time of blood flow interruption to the brain can produce irreversible brain damage
Term
Brain Barrier System
Definition
is highly permeable to water, glucose, urea, oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anaesthesia, but it blocks the delivery of most drugs
Term
Blood brain barrier of blood brain system
Definition
Forces materials leaving the blood to pass through cell rather than between cells because brain capillaries are less permeable than most capillaries
Term
Blood-CSF barrier of brain barrier system
Definition
Regulates the passage of materials from the CSF into the brain
Term
Medulla Oblongata
Definition
A continuation of the spinal cord that forms the inferior part of the brainstem
Term
Pyramids of the Medulla Oblongata
Definition
 Contain large motor tracts that connect the brain to the spinal cord
Term
Decussation of the pyramids
Definition
Fibers from the left pyramid cross to right side of body and fibers from right pyramid cross to left side of body
Term
Olives of Medulla Oblongata
Definition
located lateral to each pyramid and contain nuclei that relay sensory info from the brain and/or spinal cord to cerebellum
Term
Cardiac Control Center of the Brainstem
Definition
regulates heart rate
Term
Vasomotor Control Center of the brainstem
Definition
adjusts the diameter of blood vessels to regulate blood pressure
Term
Respiratory control center of the brainstem
Definition
adjusts the rate and depth of breathing
Term
Other contol centers of the brainstem
Definition
control reflexes associated with coughing, sneezing, swallowing, or vomitting
Term

Pons

"Bridge"

Definition
Lies directly superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum
Term
Pons
Definition

Contains tracts and nuclei that connect the brain with the spinal cord and parts of the brain with each other

 

Term
Nuclei of the Pons...
Definition

*Some nuclei work with the medullary respiratory center to control respiration

*Other nuclei are associated with equilibrium and posture, taste and swallowing, and hearing

Term
Midbrain
Definition
This portion of the brain extends from the pons to the lower portion of the diencephalon
Term
Cerebral Penducles of the Midbrain
Definition
the anterior portion of the midbrain contains these which anchor the cerebrumt to the brainstem and carry motor signals to the medulla oblongata
Term
Red Nucleus
Definition
the main mass of the midbrain contains a highly vascular                           which connects with the cerebellum to permit fine motor control
Term
Substantia nigra
Definition
a darkly pigmented nucleus that controls subconscious muscle actions (highly practiced behaviors such as typing, wiriting, tying shoe) by relaying inhibitory signals to various parts of the brain
Term
Substantia nigra
Definition
Degeneration of neurons in this area leads to muscle tremors characteristic of Parkinson disease
Term
Tectum
Definition
posterior portion  of the midbrain
Term
Corpora Quadrigemina
Definition
(4) bulges that protrude from the roof of the tectum
Term
Superior Colliculi of Corpora Quadrigemina
Definition

Serve as reflex centers for blinking, focusing eyes, moving head and neck to visually track moving objects

(Mitch jumped and ppl in the front all turned to look)

Term
Inferior Colliculi of Corpora Quadrigemina
Definition

Serve as reflex centers for movements of head responding to auditory stimuli (sudden sound)

(Mitch said, "Meghan" and the Meghans looked)

Term
Reticular Foramen of the Brainstem
Definition
Contains more than 100 small areas of gray matter interspersed among the medualla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Term
Somatic Motor Control of Reticular Formation
Definition
This part of the reticular formation maintains balance and posture in response to sensory signals from eyes and ears about body position and position of nearby objects
Term
Cardiovascular Control
Definition
This part of the reticular formaiton helps integrate cardiac center with the vasomotor center in medulla oblongata
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
Plays a role in maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep (allows us to ignore traffic sounds and outer inconsequenial noises, but causes us to respond quickly to an alarm clock, cry of a child, or flash of lightning)
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
This part of the brainstem transmits pain signals from lower body to cerebral cortex
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
Damage to this formation can produce an irreversible coma
Term
Cerebellum
Definition

2nd largest portion of the brain and occupies inferior and posterior region of cranial cavity

*contains about 100 billion neurons, more than half of all neurons in the brain

Term
Cerebellum
Definition
This region is organized into right and left side cerebellar hemishperes linked by medial vermis
Term
Folia
Definition
Surface of cerebellum consists of leaf-like ridges of gray matter called                          
Term
Arbor Vitae
Definition
Depper tree-like mass of white matter of the cerebellum
Term
Cerebellar Penducles
Definition
Pairs that attatch cerebellum to brainstem
Term
Inferior penducles
Definition
connect with medulla oblongata to facilitate muscle performance
Term
Middle penducles
Definition
transmit signals from pons to coordinate muscle responses
Term
Superior penducles
Definition
transmit motor signals through the midbrain and thalamus
Term
Reflex center of cerebellum
Definition

Part of cerebellum that coordinates subconscious movements of skeletal muscle necessary for muscle coordination, balance, maintaining posture

*involved in keeping time and perception of elapsed time

Term
Sensory input of cerebellum
Definition
receives sensory info about positioning of limbs, joints, other body parts to maintain unconscious control over actions
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Largest component of diencephalon and surrounds the third ventricle, and contains pairs of oval masses of gray matter located beneath each cerebral hemisphere
Term
Thalamus
Definition

"Gateway to Cerebral Cortex"

filters sensory impulses arriving from spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum before relaying them to cerebral cortex

Term
Nuclei of Thalamus
Definition
some receive and integrate info about pain, temp, light touch, and pressure, some receive and integrate infor about auditory, visual, and taste info, somoe relay signals to motor control areas in cerebrum, some are involved in emotion, memory, cognition (acquisition of knowledge)
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Located inferior to the thalamus and contains nuclei
Term
Mamillary Bodies
Definition
Two small bodies of the hypothalamus that play a role in memory
Term
Infundibulum
Definition
stalk-like tissue that attatches pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Term
Supraoptic and preoptic regions
Definition
these parts of the hypothalamus are involved in autonomic and endocrine activities
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
It's main function is to maintain homeostasis by regulating internal processes through ANS and endocrine system
Term
Functions of Nuclei of Hypothalamus
Definition

*integrating center for ANS regulates heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination, and other visceral activities

*some produce and release hormones to control pituitary gland

*hypothalamic thermostat moniters blood to control body temp ("heat losing center" controls vasodilation in skin and sweating, "heat producing center"-controls vasoconstriction, shivering, formation of goose  bumps)

*hunger and satiety centers moniter levels of glucose and amino acids in the blood to regulate food intake

*a connection with the reticular formation regulates circadian rhythms associated iwth sleeping and waking

*some control anger, agression, far, pain, pleasure, and behaviors associated with sexual behavior

Term
Epithalamus
Definition
Contains pineal gland and habenular nuclei
Term
Pineal gland
Definition
part of epithalamus, plays a role in maintaining our "biological clock"
Term
Habenular Nuclei
Definition
part of epithalamus, involved in our emotional response to odors
Term
Cerebrum
Definition

Largest region of the brain

*accounts for 83% of total brain mass

Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
superficial layer of gray matter of cerebrum
Term
Folds or ridges
Definition
Gyri of cerebral cortex that increases surface area
Term
Shallow grooves
Definition
located between gyri and sulci of cerebral cortex
Term

Deep grooves

(fissures)

Definition
These are located between gyri in the cerebral cortex
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
Term
Insula
Definition
"5th lobe"-small mass of cortex deep to lateral sulcus
Term
Most of the cerebrum lies beneath the cerebral cortix and is comprised of.....
Definition
white matter
Term
White Matter
Definition
the cerebrum is mostly comprised of this
Term
association tracts
Definition
structure of the cerebrum that transmit nerve signals btwn gyri in the SAME hemisphere
Term
commissural tracts
Definition
component of the cerebrum that transmit nerve signals from gyri in one hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the OPPOSITE hemisphere
Term
Projection tracts
Definition
component of the cerebrum that form asceding tracts to carry nerve signals up to the cerebtum and form descending tracts to carry motor signals down to the brainstem and the spinal cord
Term
Basal Nuclei
Definition
component of the cerebrum; masses of gray matter located lateral to the thalamus
Term
Basal Nuclei
Definition
this comonent of the cerebrum recievs input from red nuclei and the substantia nigra of the midbrain to control muscle tone that is required for gross voluntary movements (walking) and specific fine movements
Term
Basal Nuclei
Definition
Damage to this area of the cerebrum can produce the involuntary movements associated with Parkinson Disease
Term
Limbic System
Definition
a ring of structures around the corpus callosum and the thalamus
Term
Nuclei of the limbic system
Definition
includes amygdala, and hipocampus nuclei, fornix tract, and cingulate gyrus
Term
Cingulate Gyrus
Definition
nuclei of the limbic system that plays a role in expressing emotions through the use of gestures
Term
Amygdala
Definition
This particular nuclei of the limbic system is involved in emotion and behaviors that are associated with pleasure and pain and allows us to recogonize angry or fearful facial expressions; to assess danger; to elicit fear
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
These nuclei of the limbic system are involved memory storage and may facilitate links btwn memory and emotions particularly those memories associated with pain, pleasure or smell
Term
Functions of the Cerebrum
Definition
this region of the brain performs higher functions: interprets sensory impulses, controls voluntary motor responses, directs intellecutal processes, stores memories, and governs personality traits
Term
Cerebral Lateralization
Definition
this higher brain function describes the phenomena of the  hemispheres of the cerebral cortex; show handedness, that they are somewhat correlated with gender, and are prone to change as a person ages
Term
Left hemisphere
Definition
this hemisphere is more important for right hand control, spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and logic
Term
Right hemisphere
Definition
apperas to be more important for left-hand control, musical and artistic awareness, perception of patterns and spacial relationships, insight, imagination, mental imagry of sights, sounds, smells, and tastes
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