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The Central Nervous System
Dettling notes
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/22/2009

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Term
CNS consists of
Definition
the brain and spinal chord
Term
Cephalization is
Definition
the evolutionary development of the rostral (anterior) portion of the CNS, has increased number of neurons in the head and the highest level is reached in the human brain
Term
4 Adult Brain Regions
Definition
- Cerebral Hemispheres
- Diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus) contains 3rd ventricle
-Brain stem(midbrain, pons, medulla)
- Cerebellum (the "little brain")
Term
Spinal chord consists of....1
Brain consists of ......2
Definition
1. a central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core and an external white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts.
2. has a similar pattern to spinal chord but with additional areas of gray matter, NUCLEI IN THE CEREBELLUM AND CEREBRUM, AND CORTEX OF CEREBELLUM AND CEREBRUM
Term
4 Ventricles of the Brain
Definition
- contain 2 "c-shaped" lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres; 3rd ventricle is in the diencephalon; 4th ventricle is in the hindbrain, dorsal to the pons, and develops from the lumen of the neural tube.
- They contain cerebrospinal fluid; connected to one another and AND TO THE CENTRAL CANAL OF THE SPINAL CHORD and are lined by ependymal cells
Term
Ridges AKA...1
Shallow grooves...2
Deep grooves......3
5 lobes are...4
Definition
1.gyri
2. sulci
3 fissures
4. temporal, frontal, parietal,occipital and insula
Term
3 Surface Markings
Definition
1. CENTRAL SULCUS which separates the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
LONGITUDINAL FISSURE- separates the brains hemispheres
TRANSVERSE CEREBRAL FISSURES- separate the cerebrum and the cerebellum
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
- a thin 2-4 mm superficial layer of gray matter that makes up 40% mass of brain.
-site of conscious mind for awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, and understanding.
- Each hempisphere connects to a colateral(opposite) side of the body and there is lateralization of cortical funtion in the hempispheres(usually one side is more dominant)
Term
2 funtional areas of the cerebral cortex.....1
Conscious behavior involves...2
Definition
1.The 3 types of funtional behaviors are motor areas which control voluntary movement, sensory areas which promote concious awareness of sensation, and association areas which integrate diverse information.
2 Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex
Term
4 motor areas are
Definition
PRIMARY(SOMATIC) MOTOR CORTEX- which controls precises skilled voluntary movements.
-PREMOTOR CORTEX controls learned, repetitious or patterned motor skills.
-BROCA'S AREA involved in speech and preparation of speech
- FRONTAL EYE FIELD controls voluntary eye movements.
Term
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
Definition
- has a motor homulnculi: upside down caricatures representing the motor innervation of body regions.
-consists of a large pyramidical cells of the precentral gyri and has long axons which are called pyramidical (corticospinal) tracts.
- allow conscious control of precise skilled voluntary movements.
Term
PREMOTOR CORTEX
Definition
- anterior to the precentral gyrus and coordinates simultaneous or sequental actions.
-involved in the planning of movements that depend on sensory feedback and controls learned, repititous, or patterned motor skills.
Term
BROCA'S AREA
Definition
- anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area and present in one hemisphere, usually the left unless and indiv. is left handed.
- a motor speech area that directs muscles of the tounge and is active even as one prepares to speak.
Term
FRONTAL EYE FIELD
Definition
- anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to brocas area
- controls voluntary eye movements
Term
8 sensory areas
Definition
- primary somatosensory cortex
-somatosensory association cortex
- olfactory cortex
-visual areas
- auditory areas
- gustatory cortex
- visceral sensory area
- vestibular cortex
Term
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Definition
-located in the postcentral gyri
-recieves info from skin, skeletal muscles and joints. also capable of spatial discrimination:indentification of body region being stimulated
Term
Somatosensory association cortex
Definition
- located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex
- integrates sensory input from the primary somatosensory cortex and determines size, texture, and relationship of parts or objects being felt.
Term
PRIMARY VISUAL (STRIATE) COTEX
Definition
located on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe, most is buried in the calcarine sulcus and its job is to recieve info from the retina
Term
Visual association area
Definition
surrounds the primary visual cortex; complex processing involeves the whole posterior half of the hemispheres and uses past visual experiences to interpret visualo stimuli(ex: color, form, and movement)
Term
PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX
Definition
located in the superior margin of the temporal lobe and interprets information from inner ear as loudness pitch and location.
Term
auditory association cortex
Definition
located posterior to the primary auditory cortex and it stores memories of sounds and permits the perception of sounds
Term
Olfactory cortex
Definition
- part of the PRIMITIVE RHINENCEPHALON along with the olfactory bulbs and tracts (remainder of rhinencephalon is located in the limbic system)
- medial aspect of temporal lobes (in piriform lobes) and is the region or conscious awareness of odors
Term
Gustatory cortex
Definition
- located in insula and is involved in the perception of taste.
Term
Visceral Sensory area
Definition
located posterior to the gustatory cortex and maintains conscious perceptions of visceral sensations like upset stomach or full bladder
Term
Vestibular cortex
Definition
- located in the posterior part of the insula and adjacent parietal cortex
- responsible for conscious awareness of balance(position of head in space)
Term
MULTIMODAL ASSOCIATION AREA
Definition
- recieves inputs from multiple SENSORY areasand sends output to multiple areas including the premotor cortex
- allows us th give meaning to info recieved, store as memory,and compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take.
- has 3 parts: anterior association area( prefrontal cortex), posterior association area, and limbic association area
Term
Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)
Definition
-most complicated cortical region and development depends on feedback from social enviornment.
- involved with intelligence, cognition, recal and personality and contains working memory needed for judgement, reasoning, peristence, and conscience
Term
Posterior association area
Definition
- is a large region in temporal parietal and occipital lobes.
- plays a role in recognizing patterns, faces, and localizing in space; also involved in understanding written and spoken language. (WERNICKE'S AREA)
Term
LIMBIC ASSOCIATION AREA
Definition
- part of the limbic system and provides emotional impact that helps establish memories
Term
LATERALIZATION
Definition
is division of labor between hemispheres
Term
Cerebral dominance
Definition
designates the hemisphere dominant for language (left in 90% of people)
Term
Left hemisphere controls
Definition
language math and logic
Term
Right hemisphere controls..
Definition
insight, visual- spatial skills, intuition and artistic skills
Term
right and left hemispheres communicate via
Definition
fiber tracts in the cerebral white matter
Term
Cerebral white matter is
Definition
myelinated fiber and their tracts
Term
Cerebral white matter is responsible for
Definition
communication
Term
cerebral white matter has 3 types of tracts
Definition
COMMISSURES- located in corpus callosum and connect gray matter of two hemispheres.(fibers run from left to right)
ASSOCIATION FIBERS- connect different parts of the same hemispheres
Projection fibers- or corona radiata connect the hemipheres with lower brain or spinal chord. (fibers run from top to bottom)
Term
Basal Nuclei (ganglia)
Definition
- has subcortical nuclei and is funtionally associated with the subthalmic nuclei(diencephalon) and the substancia nigra (midbrain)
-consists of the corpus striatum whch has a caudate nucleus and a lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus
Term
4 funtions thought to be funtions of the basal nuclei
Definition
- influence musclular control (play a role in stopping, starting, and monitoring movement initiated by cortex)
-help regulate attention and cognition
- regulate intensity of slow or steryotyped movements
-inhibit antagonistic and uneccessary movements.
Term
3 paired structures of diencephalon and what ventricle does in enclose?
Definition
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. It encloses the 3rd ventricle
Term
Thalamus
Definition
- make up 80% OF DIENCEPHALON and are connected by interthalamic adhesion(intermediate mass)
-located in the superolateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE; contain several nuclei named for their location and nuclei project and recieve fibers from the CEREBRAL CORTEX
Term
THALAMIC FUNTION
Definition
-known as the GATEWAY TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX; it mediates sensation motor activities, CORTICAL AROUSAL, LEARNING AND MEMORY
- SORTS, EDITS AND RELAYS INFORMATION. they have affernt impulses from all senses& all parts of the body; impulses from they hypothalamus for regulation of EMOTION AND VISCERAL funtion; impulses from the CEREBELLUM and BASAL NUCLEI to help DIRECT MOTOR CORTICES
Term
HYPOTHALAMUS
Definition
-forms the inforlateral walls of the 3rd ventricle and have INFINDIBULUM which is a stalk that connects the pituitary gland.
- contains many nuclei. Ex: mammillary bodies, paired anterior nuclei, and olfactory relay stations
Term
HYPOTHALMIC FUNTION
Definition
- has AUTONOMIC CONTROL CENTER FOR MANY VISCERAL FUNTIONS( ex: rate and force of the heartbeat) it regulates body temp., food intake, water balance, thirst, sleep and sleep cycle.
- center for emotional response: involved in the perception of pleasure, fear and rage and in biolodical rythyms and drives. also controls release fo hormones by the ANTERIOR PITUITARY and produces posterior pituitary hormones
Term
EPITHALAMUS
Definition
-located in the most DORSAL portion of the diencephalon and forms roof of 3rd ventricle.
- has a PINEAL GLAND that extends from the posterior border and secrete MELATONIN and the melatonin helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.
Term
3 regions of the brain stem
Definition
midbrain, pons, medulla
Term
BRAIN STEM
Definition
- has a similar structurs to spinal chord but contains EMBEDDED NUCEI and contains FIBER TRACTS CONNECTING HIGHER AND LOWER NEURAL CENTERS.
-ASSOCIATED WITH 10 OF THE 12 PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES AND CONTROLS AUTOMATIC BEHAVIORS NECESSARY FOR SURVIVAL
Term
MIDBRAIN
Definition
located between the diencephalon and the pons.
- HAS CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES THAT CONTAIN PYRAMIDICAL MOTOR TRACTS
-has CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT WHICH IS A CHANEL BETWEEN 3RD AND 4TH VENTRICLES
Term
MIDBRAIN NUCLEI
Definition
- ARE NUCLEI THAT CONTROL CRANIAL NERVES III AND IV
- contains CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA; HAS A SUPERIOR COLLICULI FOR VISUAL REFLEX CENTERS AND INFERIOR COLLICULI FOR AUDITORY RELAY CENTERS.
- THE SUBSTANCIA NIGRA ARE FUNTIONALLY LINKED TO BASAL NUCLEI AND RED NUCLEUS ARE RELAY NUVCLEI FOR SOME DESENDING MOTOR PATHWAYS AND ARE PART OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION.
Term
PONS
Definition
- Forms part of the anterior wall of 4th ventricle and is the origin of cranial nerves V and VI and VII
- there are some nuclei fo the RETICULAR FORMATION that help maintain normal rythym of breathing.
- fibers of the pons connect higher brain centers and the spinal chord and relay impulses between the motor cortex and cerebrum
Term
PONS
Definition
- Forms part of the anterior wall of 4th ventricle and is the origin of cranial nerves V and VI and VII
- there are some nuclei fo the RETICULAR FORMATION that help maintain normal rythym of breathing.
- fibers of the pons connect higher brain centers and the spinal chord and relay impulses between the motor cortex and cerebrum
Term
MEDULLA
Definition
- RELAYS SENSORY INFO FORN MUSCLES AND JOINTS TO CEREBELLUM and participates in cardiovascular and respiratory centers and additional areas regulate VOMITING HICCUPS SWALLOWING COUGHING AND SNEEZING'
-CONTAINS A CHOROID PLEXUS OF THE 4TH VENRICLE
-forms part of the ventral wall of the 4th ventricl and joins spinal chord at FORAMEN MAGNUM
Term
CEREBELLUM
Definition
- makes 11% of brains mass and has two hemispheres connected by vermis. Each hemisphers has 3 lobes: anterior, posterior, and flocculenocular.
- dorsal to the pons and has FOLIA which is TRANSVERSLY ORIENTED GYRI and ARBOR VITAE
- SUBCONSCIOUSLY PROVIDES PRECISE TIMING AND APPROPRIATE PATTERNS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Term
CEREBELLAR PROCESSING FOR MOTOR ACTIVITY
Definition
- signals from propiroceptors and visual and equilibrium pathways continuously "inform" the cerebellum of the bodys position and momentum
- cerebellum recieves impulses from the CEREBRAL CORTEX of the intent TO INITIATE VOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTION and the cerebellar cortex calculates THE BEST WAY TO SMOOTHLEY COORDINATE A MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
- A BLUEPRINT FO COORDINATED MOVEMENTS IS SENT TO THE CEREBRAL MOTOR CORTEX AND TO BRAIN STEM NUCLEI.
Term
COGNITIVE FUNTION OF THE CEREBELLUM
Definition
- PLAYS A ROLE IN NONMOTOR FUNTIONS SUCH AS WORD ASSOCIATION AND PUZZLE SOLVING
- RECOGNIZES AND PREDICTS SEQUENCES OF EVENTS DURING COMPLEX MOVEMENTS
Term
2 NETWORKS OF NEURONS THAT WORK TOGETHER AND SPAN WIDE AREAS OF THE BRAIN
Definition
1. LIMBIC SYSTEM
2. RETICULAR FORMATION
Term
LIMBIC SYSTEM
Definition
- known as emotional or affective brain and puts emotional response to odors. consists of two parts: AMYGALDA- recognizing angry for fearful facial expressions, asseses anger, ad elicts the fear response.
CINGULATE GYRUS- plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict.
Term
RETICULAR FORMATION: RAS(reticular activating system) AND MOTOR FUNTION
Definition
- sends impulses to the CEREBRAL CORTEX to keep it conscious and alert, filters out weak and repetitive stimuli, and severe injury results is permanent unconscousness (coma)
- RAS's motor funtion helps control COARSE LIMB MOVEMENTS and the reticular autonomic centers reguale visceral motor funtion such as VASOMOTOR, CARDIAC, AND RESPIRATORY CENTERS.
Term
Meninges
Definition
- cover and protect the CNS, contain CEREBROSPINAL FLUID and PROTECT BLOOD VESSELS and ENCLOSES VENOUS SINUSES
- for patritions(divisions) of the skull and have 3 layers. DURA MATER, ARACNOID MATER, AND PIA MATER
Term
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Definition
- a watery solution with LESS PROTIEN AND DIFF. IONS CONCENTRATION THAN PLASMA and has a constant volume.
- it GIVES BUOYANCY to the CNS organs and protects the CNS from blows and other trauma; nourishes the brain AND CARRIES CHEMICAL SIGNALS
Term
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
Definition
- has in its compostion: a continuous endothelium OF CAPILLARY WALLS, BASAL LAMINA,AND FEET OF ASTROCYTES TAHT PROVIDE SIGNAL TO ENDOTHELIUM FOR THE FORMATION OF TIGHT JUNCTIONS.
-helps maintain a stable enviornment for brain and separates neurons from some bloodbourne pathogens.
-Selective barrier that allows nutrients to move by faciliated diffusion allows any FAT SOLUBLE substances to PASS such as nicotine, alcohol, and anstetics.
-ABSENT IN VOMITING AREA AND HYPOTHALAMUS WHERE IT IS NECESSARY TO MONITOR THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD.
Term
CHOROID PLEXUSES
Definition
- have CLUSTERS OF CAPILLARIES ENCLOSED BY PIA MATER AND A LAYER OF EPENDYMAL CELLS AND HANG FROM THE ROOF OF EACH VENTRICLE
- PRODUCES CEREBROSPINAL FLUID at a constant rate and ependymal cells use ion pumps to control the compostion of the CSF ad HELP CLEANSE CSF BY REMOVING WASTES
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