Term
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Definition
| the brain and spinal chord |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolutionary development of the rostral (anterior) portion of the CNS, has increased number of neurons in the head and the highest level is reached in the human brain |
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Term
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Definition
- Cerebral Hemispheres
- Diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus) contains 3rd ventricle
-Brain stem(midbrain, pons, medulla)
- Cerebellum (the "little brain") |
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Term
Spinal chord consists of....1
Brain consists of ......2 |
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Definition
1. a central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core and an external white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts.
2. has a similar pattern to spinal chord but with additional areas of gray matter, NUCLEI IN THE CEREBELLUM AND CEREBRUM, AND CORTEX OF CEREBELLUM AND CEREBRUM |
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Term
| 4 Ventricles of the Brain |
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Definition
- contain 2 "c-shaped" lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres; 3rd ventricle is in the diencephalon; 4th ventricle is in the hindbrain, dorsal to the pons, and develops from the lumen of the neural tube.
- They contain cerebrospinal fluid; connected to one another and AND TO THE CENTRAL CANAL OF THE SPINAL CHORD and are lined by ependymal cells |
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Term
Ridges AKA...1
Shallow grooves...2
Deep grooves......3
5 lobes are...4 |
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Definition
1.gyri
2. sulci
3 fissures
4. temporal, frontal, parietal,occipital and insula |
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Term
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Definition
1. CENTRAL SULCUS which separates the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
LONGITUDINAL FISSURE- separates the brains hemispheres
TRANSVERSE CEREBRAL FISSURES- separate the cerebrum and the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
- a thin 2-4 mm superficial layer of gray matter that makes up 40% mass of brain.
-site of conscious mind for awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, and understanding.
- Each hempisphere connects to a colateral(opposite) side of the body and there is lateralization of cortical funtion in the hempispheres(usually one side is more dominant) |
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Term
2 funtional areas of the cerebral cortex.....1
Conscious behavior involves...2 |
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Definition
1.The 3 types of funtional behaviors are motor areas which control voluntary movement, sensory areas which promote concious awareness of sensation, and association areas which integrate diverse information.
2 Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex |
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Term
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Definition
PRIMARY(SOMATIC) MOTOR CORTEX- which controls precises skilled voluntary movements.
-PREMOTOR CORTEX controls learned, repetitious or patterned motor skills.
-BROCA'S AREA involved in speech and preparation of speech
- FRONTAL EYE FIELD controls voluntary eye movements. |
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Term
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Definition
- has a motor homulnculi: upside down caricatures representing the motor innervation of body regions.
-consists of a large pyramidical cells of the precentral gyri and has long axons which are called pyramidical (corticospinal) tracts.
- allow conscious control of precise skilled voluntary movements. |
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Term
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Definition
- anterior to the precentral gyrus and coordinates simultaneous or sequental actions.
-involved in the planning of movements that depend on sensory feedback and controls learned, repititous, or patterned motor skills. |
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Term
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Definition
- anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area and present in one hemisphere, usually the left unless and indiv. is left handed.
- a motor speech area that directs muscles of the tounge and is active even as one prepares to speak. |
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Term
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Definition
- anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to brocas area
- controls voluntary eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
- primary somatosensory cortex
-somatosensory association cortex
- olfactory cortex
-visual areas
- auditory areas
- gustatory cortex
- visceral sensory area
- vestibular cortex |
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
-located in the postcentral gyri
-recieves info from skin, skeletal muscles and joints. also capable of spatial discrimination:indentification of body region being stimulated |
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Term
| Somatosensory association cortex |
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Definition
- located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex
- integrates sensory input from the primary somatosensory cortex and determines size, texture, and relationship of parts or objects being felt. |
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Term
| PRIMARY VISUAL (STRIATE) COTEX |
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Definition
| located on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe, most is buried in the calcarine sulcus and its job is to recieve info from the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds the primary visual cortex; complex processing involeves the whole posterior half of the hemispheres and uses past visual experiences to interpret visualo stimuli(ex: color, form, and movement) |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the superior margin of the temporal lobe and interprets information from inner ear as loudness pitch and location. |
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Term
| auditory association cortex |
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Definition
| located posterior to the primary auditory cortex and it stores memories of sounds and permits the perception of sounds |
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Term
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Definition
- part of the PRIMITIVE RHINENCEPHALON along with the olfactory bulbs and tracts (remainder of rhinencephalon is located in the limbic system)
- medial aspect of temporal lobes (in piriform lobes) and is the region or conscious awareness of odors |
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Term
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Definition
| - located in insula and is involved in the perception of taste. |
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Term
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Definition
| located posterior to the gustatory cortex and maintains conscious perceptions of visceral sensations like upset stomach or full bladder |
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Term
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Definition
- located in the posterior part of the insula and adjacent parietal cortex
- responsible for conscious awareness of balance(position of head in space) |
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Term
| MULTIMODAL ASSOCIATION AREA |
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Definition
- recieves inputs from multiple SENSORY areasand sends output to multiple areas including the premotor cortex
- allows us th give meaning to info recieved, store as memory,and compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take.
- has 3 parts: anterior association area( prefrontal cortex), posterior association area, and limbic association area |
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Term
| Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex) |
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Definition
-most complicated cortical region and development depends on feedback from social enviornment.
- involved with intelligence, cognition, recal and personality and contains working memory needed for judgement, reasoning, peristence, and conscience |
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Term
| Posterior association area |
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Definition
- is a large region in temporal parietal and occipital lobes.
- plays a role in recognizing patterns, faces, and localizing in space; also involved in understanding written and spoken language. (WERNICKE'S AREA) |
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Term
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Definition
| - part of the limbic system and provides emotional impact that helps establish memories |
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Term
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Definition
| is division of labor between hemispheres |
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Definition
| designates the hemisphere dominant for language (left in 90% of people) |
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Definition
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Term
| Right hemisphere controls.. |
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Definition
| insight, visual- spatial skills, intuition and artistic skills |
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Term
| right and left hemispheres communicate via |
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Definition
| fiber tracts in the cerebral white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinated fiber and their tracts |
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Term
| Cerebral white matter is responsible for |
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Definition
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Term
| cerebral white matter has 3 types of tracts |
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Definition
COMMISSURES- located in corpus callosum and connect gray matter of two hemispheres.(fibers run from left to right)
ASSOCIATION FIBERS- connect different parts of the same hemispheres
Projection fibers- or corona radiata connect the hemipheres with lower brain or spinal chord. (fibers run from top to bottom) |
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Term
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Definition
- has subcortical nuclei and is funtionally associated with the subthalmic nuclei(diencephalon) and the substancia nigra (midbrain)
-consists of the corpus striatum whch has a caudate nucleus and a lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus |
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Term
| 4 funtions thought to be funtions of the basal nuclei |
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Definition
- influence musclular control (play a role in stopping, starting, and monitoring movement initiated by cortex)
-help regulate attention and cognition
- regulate intensity of slow or steryotyped movements
-inhibit antagonistic and uneccessary movements. |
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Term
| 3 paired structures of diencephalon and what ventricle does in enclose? |
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Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. It encloses the 3rd ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
- make up 80% OF DIENCEPHALON and are connected by interthalamic adhesion(intermediate mass)
-located in the superolateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE; contain several nuclei named for their location and nuclei project and recieve fibers from the CEREBRAL CORTEX |
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Term
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Definition
-known as the GATEWAY TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX; it mediates sensation motor activities, CORTICAL AROUSAL, LEARNING AND MEMORY
- SORTS, EDITS AND RELAYS INFORMATION. they have affernt impulses from all senses& all parts of the body; impulses from they hypothalamus for regulation of EMOTION AND VISCERAL funtion; impulses from the CEREBELLUM and BASAL NUCLEI to help DIRECT MOTOR CORTICES |
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Term
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Definition
-forms the inforlateral walls of the 3rd ventricle and have INFINDIBULUM which is a stalk that connects the pituitary gland.
- contains many nuclei. Ex: mammillary bodies, paired anterior nuclei, and olfactory relay stations |
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Term
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Definition
- has AUTONOMIC CONTROL CENTER FOR MANY VISCERAL FUNTIONS( ex: rate and force of the heartbeat) it regulates body temp., food intake, water balance, thirst, sleep and sleep cycle.
- center for emotional response: involved in the perception of pleasure, fear and rage and in biolodical rythyms and drives. also controls release fo hormones by the ANTERIOR PITUITARY and produces posterior pituitary hormones |
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Term
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Definition
-located in the most DORSAL portion of the diencephalon and forms roof of 3rd ventricle.
- has a PINEAL GLAND that extends from the posterior border and secrete MELATONIN and the melatonin helps regulate sleep-wake cycles. |
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Term
| 3 regions of the brain stem |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- has a similar structurs to spinal chord but contains EMBEDDED NUCEI and contains FIBER TRACTS CONNECTING HIGHER AND LOWER NEURAL CENTERS.
-ASSOCIATED WITH 10 OF THE 12 PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES AND CONTROLS AUTOMATIC BEHAVIORS NECESSARY FOR SURVIVAL |
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Term
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Definition
located between the diencephalon and the pons.
- HAS CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES THAT CONTAIN PYRAMIDICAL MOTOR TRACTS
-has CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT WHICH IS A CHANEL BETWEEN 3RD AND 4TH VENTRICLES |
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Term
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Definition
- ARE NUCLEI THAT CONTROL CRANIAL NERVES III AND IV
- contains CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA; HAS A SUPERIOR COLLICULI FOR VISUAL REFLEX CENTERS AND INFERIOR COLLICULI FOR AUDITORY RELAY CENTERS.
- THE SUBSTANCIA NIGRA ARE FUNTIONALLY LINKED TO BASAL NUCLEI AND RED NUCLEUS ARE RELAY NUVCLEI FOR SOME DESENDING MOTOR PATHWAYS AND ARE PART OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION. |
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Term
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Definition
- Forms part of the anterior wall of 4th ventricle and is the origin of cranial nerves V and VI and VII
- there are some nuclei fo the RETICULAR FORMATION that help maintain normal rythym of breathing.
- fibers of the pons connect higher brain centers and the spinal chord and relay impulses between the motor cortex and cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
- Forms part of the anterior wall of 4th ventricle and is the origin of cranial nerves V and VI and VII
- there are some nuclei fo the RETICULAR FORMATION that help maintain normal rythym of breathing.
- fibers of the pons connect higher brain centers and the spinal chord and relay impulses between the motor cortex and cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
- RELAYS SENSORY INFO FORN MUSCLES AND JOINTS TO CEREBELLUM and participates in cardiovascular and respiratory centers and additional areas regulate VOMITING HICCUPS SWALLOWING COUGHING AND SNEEZING'
-CONTAINS A CHOROID PLEXUS OF THE 4TH VENRICLE
-forms part of the ventral wall of the 4th ventricl and joins spinal chord at FORAMEN MAGNUM |
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Term
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Definition
- makes 11% of brains mass and has two hemispheres connected by vermis. Each hemisphers has 3 lobes: anterior, posterior, and flocculenocular.
- dorsal to the pons and has FOLIA which is TRANSVERSLY ORIENTED GYRI and ARBOR VITAE
- SUBCONSCIOUSLY PROVIDES PRECISE TIMING AND APPROPRIATE PATTERNS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION |
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Term
| CEREBELLAR PROCESSING FOR MOTOR ACTIVITY |
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Definition
- signals from propiroceptors and visual and equilibrium pathways continuously "inform" the cerebellum of the bodys position and momentum
- cerebellum recieves impulses from the CEREBRAL CORTEX of the intent TO INITIATE VOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTION and the cerebellar cortex calculates THE BEST WAY TO SMOOTHLEY COORDINATE A MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
- A BLUEPRINT FO COORDINATED MOVEMENTS IS SENT TO THE CEREBRAL MOTOR CORTEX AND TO BRAIN STEM NUCLEI. |
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Term
| COGNITIVE FUNTION OF THE CEREBELLUM |
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Definition
- PLAYS A ROLE IN NONMOTOR FUNTIONS SUCH AS WORD ASSOCIATION AND PUZZLE SOLVING
- RECOGNIZES AND PREDICTS SEQUENCES OF EVENTS DURING COMPLEX MOVEMENTS |
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Term
| 2 NETWORKS OF NEURONS THAT WORK TOGETHER AND SPAN WIDE AREAS OF THE BRAIN |
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Definition
1. LIMBIC SYSTEM
2. RETICULAR FORMATION |
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Term
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Definition
- known as emotional or affective brain and puts emotional response to odors. consists of two parts: AMYGALDA- recognizing angry for fearful facial expressions, asseses anger, ad elicts the fear response.
CINGULATE GYRUS- plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict. |
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Term
| RETICULAR FORMATION: RAS(reticular activating system) AND MOTOR FUNTION |
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Definition
- sends impulses to the CEREBRAL CORTEX to keep it conscious and alert, filters out weak and repetitive stimuli, and severe injury results is permanent unconscousness (coma)
- RAS's motor funtion helps control COARSE LIMB MOVEMENTS and the reticular autonomic centers reguale visceral motor funtion such as VASOMOTOR, CARDIAC, AND RESPIRATORY CENTERS. |
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Term
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Definition
- cover and protect the CNS, contain CEREBROSPINAL FLUID and PROTECT BLOOD VESSELS and ENCLOSES VENOUS SINUSES
- for patritions(divisions) of the skull and have 3 layers. DURA MATER, ARACNOID MATER, AND PIA MATER |
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Term
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Definition
- a watery solution with LESS PROTIEN AND DIFF. IONS CONCENTRATION THAN PLASMA and has a constant volume.
- it GIVES BUOYANCY to the CNS organs and protects the CNS from blows and other trauma; nourishes the brain AND CARRIES CHEMICAL SIGNALS |
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Term
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Definition
- has in its compostion: a continuous endothelium OF CAPILLARY WALLS, BASAL LAMINA,AND FEET OF ASTROCYTES TAHT PROVIDE SIGNAL TO ENDOTHELIUM FOR THE FORMATION OF TIGHT JUNCTIONS.
-helps maintain a stable enviornment for brain and separates neurons from some bloodbourne pathogens.
-Selective barrier that allows nutrients to move by faciliated diffusion allows any FAT SOLUBLE substances to PASS such as nicotine, alcohol, and anstetics.
-ABSENT IN VOMITING AREA AND HYPOTHALAMUS WHERE IT IS NECESSARY TO MONITOR THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD. |
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Term
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Definition
- have CLUSTERS OF CAPILLARIES ENCLOSED BY PIA MATER AND A LAYER OF EPENDYMAL CELLS AND HANG FROM THE ROOF OF EACH VENTRICLE
- PRODUCES CEREBROSPINAL FLUID at a constant rate and ependymal cells use ion pumps to control the compostion of the CSF ad HELP CLEANSE CSF BY REMOVING WASTES |
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