Term
| The fetal foramen ovale becomes what in the adult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the ductus arteriosus to constrict and close, and what does it become in the adult? |
|
Definition
rising oxygen levels
Ligamentum arteriosum |
|
|
Term
| Ventricular septal defects |
|
Definition
| Congenital cardiac defect where there are openings in interventricular septum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congenital cardiac defect where the passageway remains open, and the left ventricle must work harder to provide adequate systemic flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congenital cardiac defect where the passageway remains open, and blood is not adequately oxygenated and skin bluish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex group of congenital cardiac defects where the pulmonary trunk is abnormally narrow (stenosis), interventricular septum is incomplete, aorta originates where interventricular septum normally ends, and the right ventricle is enlarged |
|
|
Term
| Atrioventricular septal defect |
|
Definition
| Congenital cardiac defect where both atria and ventricles are incompletely separated |
|
|
Term
| Transposition of great vessels |
|
Definition
| Congenital cardiac defect where the aorta is connected to right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery is connected to left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the heart, and what is it made of? |
|
Definition
| pericardial sac containing serous fluid: outer parietal pericardium and dense fibrous layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epicardium (visceral pericardium), a serous membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myocardium (muscular wall) containing cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endocardium; forms endothelium continuous with the blood vessel endothelium |
|
|
Term
| What is the heart layer that dies when you have a heart attack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle tissue prefers what for energy when it needs them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ways cardiac muscle tissue differs from skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| smaller cell size; single, centrally located nucleus; branching interconnections between cells; and specialized intercellular connections called intercalated discs |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac muscle cells are almost totally dependent on what energy source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sarcoplasm of cardiac muscle cells contain |
|
Definition
| large numbers of mitochondria and abundant reserves of myoglobin that store O2 |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac muscle cells are richly supplied with what due to the high demand for nutrients and O2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At intercalated discs, cardiac muscle cells are bound together by what? function |
|
Definition
| gap junctions and desmosomes; direct electrical connection for action potentials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cardiac muscle cells are mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another; resembles a single, enormous muscle cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not a heart wall layer, but it is a serous membrane continuous with the visceral pericardium and in contact with the epicardium; lines the fibrous pericardial sac (part of peritoneum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region between the two pleural cavities; heart is in its anterior portion; contains the great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea |
|
|
Term
| How much pericardial fluid does the pericardial cavity contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid accumulation within the pericardial cavity, which can restrict movement of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shallow grooves that mark the boundaries between the atria and the ventricles, and between the two ventricles |
|
|
Term
| The epicardium connective tissue generally contains a substantial amount of what? |
|
Definition
| fat, especially along the sulci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expandable extension of the atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a deep groove that marks the border between the atria and the ventricles (adipose tissue often accumulates here) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fibrous remnant of a fetal connection between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk that attaches the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| anterior interventricular sulcus |
|
Definition
| a shallow depression on the anterior surface that marks the boundary between the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries blood collected from the myocardium by numerous coronary veins and conveys the blood to the R atrium; located in the coronary sulcus |
|
|
Term
| posterior interventricular sulcus |
|
Definition
| shallow depression on the posterior surface that marks the boundary between the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| The coronary sulcus contains what vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The myocardium needs its own, separate blood supply, which is provided by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood flow may increase to what at max exertion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies blood to the R atrium, portions of both ventricles, and portions of the conducting system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| come from R coronary artery and supply the surface of the R ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies blood to the L ventricle, L atrium, and the interventricular septum |
|
|
Term
| The L coronary artery divides into |
|
Definition
| circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery (within the interventricular surface) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of the L coronary artery that curves to the left around the coronary sulcus to meet the R coronary artery branches |
|
|
Term
| posterior interventricular artery |
|
Definition
| supplies blood to the interventricular septum and adjacent portions of the posterior heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drain the anterior surface of the R ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drains blood from the region supplied by the anterior interventricular artery |
|
|
Term
| coronary sinus as a vein (and pre branches) |
|
Definition
| an expanded posterior vein that opens into the R atrium; becomes posterior, middle, and small cardiac veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drains the area supplied by the circumflex artery and empties into the coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drains the area supplied by the posterior interventricular artery and empties in the coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives blood from the posterior surfaces of the R atrium and ventricle and empties into the coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| connects and separates the two atria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| much thicker interventricular septum |
|
|
Term
| atrioventricular (AV) valves |
|
Definition
| folds of fibrous tissue that extend into the openings between the atria and the ventricles; send blood to the R ventricle from the R atrium and permit blood flow in only 1 direction (atrium to ventricle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prominent muscular ridges in the anterior atrial wall and the inner surface of the auricle |
|
|
Term
| Blood travels from the R atrium into the R ventricle though a broad opening bounded by the _____. |
|
Definition
| R atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendinous connective tissue fibers that attach to the free edge of each cusp and originate at the conical muscle projections called papillary muscles |
|
|
Term
| The superior portion of the R ventricle tapers toward what, where blood goes through to get to the pulmonary trunk? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary valve aka pulmonary semilunar valve |
|
|
Term
| The _____ receives blood from pulmonary veins and sends it to the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| much larger than the right; thick, muscular walls enable it to develop sufficient pressure to push blood through the large systemic circuit |
|
|
Term
| Why does the R ventricle only need a small amount of pressure? |
|
Definition
| It only needs to get blood to the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bicuspid valve; permits the glow of blood from the L atrium into the L ventricle but also prevents backflow during ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of muscular ridges and holes on the inner surfaces of the L and R ventricles |
|
|
Term
| Blood leaves the L ventricle through the _____ and then goes into the _____. |
|
Definition
aortic (semilunar) valve
ascending aorta |
|
|
Term
| aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves |
|
Definition
| half-moon shaped; don't require muscular braces because the cups are stable; prevent backflow into the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What is the AV valve action during atrial contraction and ventricular relaxation? |
|
Definition
| open; b.p. from contracting atria pushes cusps apart |
|
|
Term
| What is the AV valve action during atrial relaxation and ventricular contraction? |
|
Definition
| closed; b.p. from contracting ventricles pushes cusps together and papillary muscles tense, preventing cusps from swinging into the atria (thus not allowing backflow or regurgitation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexible connective tissues in which all valves are encircled and supported; also surrounds aorta and pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
| valvular heart disease (VHD) |
|
Definition
| when valve function has deteriorated to where the heart can't maintain adequate blood flow; in severe cases, replacement with a prosthetic valve from a pig or cow may be necessary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thickening or toughening of artery walls |
|
|
Term
| Related complications of what disease leads to half of all US deaths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arteriosclerosis of coronary vessels is responsible for what disease? |
|
Definition
| coronary artery disease (CAD) |
|
|
Term
| Arteriosclerosis of brain arteries can lead to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media of arteries associated with tunica intima damage |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of arteriosclerosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some treatments for atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| removing the damaged vessel[s], bypassing it, stenting it, or compressing plaque with balloon angioplasty |
|
|
Term
| coronary artery disease (CAD) |
|
Definition
| areas of partial blockage of coronary circulation (arteriosclerosis), leading to decreased blood flow to the area (coronary ischemia) |
|
|
Term
| What is a possible treatment for CAD? |
|
Definition
| insertion of a wire mesh tube (stent) to hold the vessel open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraction; chamber contracts and pushes blood into an adjacent chamber or an arterial trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relaxation; chamber fills with blood and prepares for the next contraction |
|
|
Term
| What is the general order of the cardiac phases? |
|
Definition
| atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole (2 phases), ventricular diastole with isovolumetric relaxation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S1: lubb; start of ventricular contraction, produced as AV valves close
S2: dubb; semilunar valves close |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart rate x stroke volume (volume ejected from the L ventricle in 1 beat) |
|
|
Term
| CO is the best overall indicator of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO is a _____, not _____, value. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a network of specialized cardiac muscle cells responsible for initiating and distributing stimuli to contract |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 components of the conduction system? |
|
Definition
| SA node, internodal pathways, AV node, AV bundle and branches, and Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sinoatrial (SA) node; nervous inputs modulate it but don't send the signal to beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains pacemaker cells for backup if SA node is damaged; can maintain 40-60 bpm and can conduct impulses @ 230/min. (max heart rate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in interventricular septum; normally the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large conducting cells, as fast as small myelinated axons |
|
|
Term
| general conduction process |
|
Definition
| SA node generates action potential, goes through internodal pathway, gets to AV node (where a delay and atrial contraction occur), interventricular septum/ AV bundle and branches/ Purkinje fibers (ventricular contraction) |
|
|
Term
| In skeletal muscle contractions, the refractory period may be over, but it hasn't reached _____ yet. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cardiac muscle contractions, an action potential is _____, and when peak tension is over, it's still in _____. |
|
Definition
prolonged
absolute refractory period |
|
|
Term
| What happens because pacemaker cells in the SA and AV nodes can't maintain a stable resting potential? |
|
Definition
| they're always gradually depolarizing, leading to threshold, called prepotential or pacemaker potential |
|
|
Term
| factors that change the rate of depolarization and repolarization will change the time to threshold: parasympathetic stimulation |
|
Definition
| binding of ACh from parasympathetic neurons opens K+ channels, slowing HR, leading to slowing of depolarization (more negative and further from threshold) |
|
|
Term
| factors that change the rate of depolarization and repolarization will change the time to threshold: sympathetic stimulation |
|
Definition
| binding of NE to beta-1 receptors leads to the opening of positive ion channels and increased HR, leading to increased rate of depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Both autonomic divisions have cardiac centers where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic innervation arrives in _____ nerves, and these sympathetic efferent neurons originate in _____. |
|
Definition
cardiac nerves
cardiac acceleratory center in the medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic innervation has to do with what ganglion, and it innervates what? |
|
Definition
cervical sympathetic ganglion
nodes, the conduction system, and the myocardium |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic innervation arrives in _____ nerve, synapsing in _____, and these parasympathetic efferent neurons originate in _____. |
|
Definition
the vagus nerve (X)
the cardia plexus
the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic innervation innervates what? |
|
Definition
| nodes and the conduction system only |
|
|
Term
| Normally the resting HR is _____ than the intrinsic rate because which type of stimulation dominates at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of filling occurs during ventricular diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If comparing stroke volume to pumping air into a bike tire, the amount pumped varies with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| end diastolic volume (EDV) |
|
Definition
| blood in ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as pump handle (bicycle analogy) comes down, air is forced out |
|
|
Term
| Is the end systolic volume (ESV) zero? |
|
Definition
| no- with the pump handle fully depressed, some fluid remains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood pumped out: EDV-ESV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duration of ventricular diastole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of myocardial stretching |
|
|
Term
| In terms of preload, what happens with greater EDV? |
|
Definition
| more filling, ventricular muscle cells approach their optimal length to generate more power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of force produced during a contraction that varies with autonomic stimulation as well as with many hormones and drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tension necessary for ventricular ejection, increased by any factor that restricts arterial blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| record electrical activity of the heart from the body surface through time; not pumping performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrial depolarization; atria begin contracting about 25 msec after this starts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarization; larger wave due to larger ventricles added to atrial activity; ventricles begin contracting shortly after the R wave peak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular repolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| start of atrial depolarization to start of ventricular depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time for ventricles to undergo a single cycle |
|
|
Term
| premature atrial contractions (PACs) |
|
Definition
| normal atrial rhythm is momentarily interrupted by a "surprise" atrial contraction; often occurs in healthy individuals from stress, caffeine, and various drugs |
|
|
Term
| paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) |
|
Definition
| premature atrial contraction that triggers a flurry of atrial activity; ventricles still able to keep pace, and HR increases to 180 bpm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impulses move over the atrial surface at rates of 500 bpm, atrial wall quivers, ventricular rate can't follow the atrial rate and may remain within normal limits, and atria are nonfunctional |
|
|
Term
| Single PVCs are _____ and not _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ventricular tachycardia (VT) |
|
Definition
| 4+ PVCs without intervening normal beats; aka V-tach; may indicate serious cardiac problems |
|
|
Term
| ventricular fibrilaation (VF) |
|
Definition
| responsible for a condition known as cardiac arrest; rapidly fatal because ventricles quiver and stop pumping blood |
|
|
Term
| Which is higher: arterial or venous pressure? |
|
Definition
| arterial because it must push blood through smaller and smaller arteries and then through innumerable capillaries |
|
|
Term
| As blood moves toward the heart, vessels become increasingly _____, and resistance increasingly _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 factors of total peripheral resistance (and define) |
|
Definition
| vascular resistance (largest component), viscosity, and turbulence |
|
|
Term
| The longer the vessel, the _____ the resistance because _____. |
|
Definition
| greater, greater surface area in contact with blood |
|
|
Term
| The factors of vascular resistance are what (and define)? |
|
Definition
| vessel length (friction b/w moving blood and walls of vessel); vessel diameter (friction b/w layers of fluid moving at different speeds) |
|
|
Term
| The layer of blood closest to the vessel wall is slowed down by friction with the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The friction having to do with the diameter of the vessel gradually decreases and distance from the vessel wall _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do differences in vessel length or diameter have more significant effects on resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If 2 vessels are of equal length, but one is 2x as long, what is the resistance of the longer vessel compared to the shorter one? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If 2 vessels are of equal length, but one is 2x the diameter of the other, what is the resistance of the smaller vessel compared to the larger one? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low viscosity = ______ pressure |
|
Definition
| low (low viscosity means very fluid like water) |
|
|
Term
| How much pressure does the heart generate as it pushes blood into the aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pressure _____ at each branching of the arterial system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood flow _____ in the venous system, even with _____ pressure. Explain |
|
Definition
| increases; decreasing; increase in diameter, decrease in resistance |
|
|
Term
| systolic and diastolic pressure |
|
Definition
systolic: peak bp during ventricular systole
diastolic: min. bp during ventricular diastole |
|
|
Term
| Arterial pressure _____ during systole and _____ during diastole as what happens? |
|
Definition
| increases; decreases; elastic arterial walls stretch and recoil |
|
|
Term
| mean arterial pressure (MAP) |
|
Definition
| calculated by adding 1/3 of pulse pressure to diastolic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systolic pressure - diastolic pressure |
|
|
Term
| capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) |
|
Definition
| blood pressure within capillary beds provides the driving force for filtration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CHP pushes water and soluble molecules out of the bloodstream and into interstitial fluid (only small solutes can cross the endothelium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| osmosis from high to low concentrations; occurs faster with smaller distances, higher concentration gradients, and smaller molecules |
|
|
Term
| How can lipids and lipid soluble materials cross capillary walls? |
|
Definition
| diffusion through the endothelial plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| How do gases cross capillary walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At which end of a capillary does filtration predominate? |
|
Definition
| the arterial end; CHP is highest, so it pushes the water out |
|
|
Term
| Higher filtration means _____ plasma osmolarity (aka ?). |
|
Definition
| higher; blood colloid osmotic pressure (lets water in) |
|
|
Term
| net filtration pressure (NFP) |
|
Definition
| difference between CHP and BCOP (NFP = CHP - BCOP); high at start of capillary, becomes more negative along capillary as CHP decreases and BCOP increases |
|
|
Term
| Where in a capillary does NFP = 0? |
|
Definition
| about 2/3 of the way, so there's no net movement |
|
|
Term
| Where in the capillary does reabsorption predominate? |
|
Definition
| in the final segment; CHP falls below BCOP and water flows back into it |
|
|
Term
| difference b/w CHP and BCOP |
|
Definition
| CHP pushes water out and BCOP draws water back in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CHP increases and BCOP decreases, causing fluid to move out of the blood and into peripheral tissues where it builds up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood flow through tissues |
|
|
Term
| two cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms |
|
Definition
| 1st pathway is auto regulation, 2nd is central regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precapillary sphincters open and close in response to chemicals in interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| vasodilators and their role in local autoregulator |
|
Definition
| factors that promote dilation of blood vessels; local ones increase blood flow through their tissue of origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if auto regulation fails, natural and endocrine mechanisms activate cardiovascular centers that control the degree of peripheral vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary vasoconstrictor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endocrine responses of the kidneys to long-term decreases in b.p. and volume |
|
Definition
| renin is released, which activates angiotensin I, which is converted in lung capillaries to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) |
|
|
Term
| High b.p. and volume triggers the release of what? |
|
Definition
| natriuretic peptides: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is produced by cardiac muscle cells in the R atrium and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) which is produced by ventricular muscle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Na+ into urine; where NA+ goes, water goes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to changes in CO2, O2, or pH levels in blood and CSF; located in carotid bodies and aortic bodies on the ventrolateral surfaces of the medulla oblongata |
|
|
