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The Cardiovascular System
HAP1 Study
23
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/12/2013

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Cards

Term
Cardiac muscles contract?
Definition
Independently and spontaneously
Term
What is the order of electrical conduction in the heart?
Definition
Sino-atrial node (SA node), atrioventricular node (AV node), atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle or Bundle of His), right and left branches, Purkinje Fibres
Term
What do the ECG waves mean?
Definition
P wave= atrial depolarization
QRS complex=ventricular depolarization
T wave= ventricular repolarization
Term
Diastole
Definition
Relaxation
Term
Systole
Definition
contraction
Term
Mid-to-late Diastole
Definition
Passive filling of the ventricles. Semi-lunar valves are closed. Atrial contraction pushes the rest of the blood into the ventricles. The Atrioventricular valves close (i.e. the Bicuspid and Tricuspid valves)
Term
Systole
Definition
Ventricles contract (beginning at the apex) and push the semi-lunar valves open. The atrioventricular valves remain closed and this means the atria are passively filling.
Term
Early Diastole
Definition
The semi-lunar valves close to prevent back flow. The atrioventricular valves open and allow blood to start moving into the ventricles.
Term
Mechanical Heart Activities
Definition
Mid-to-late-Diastole--Systole--Early Diastole
Term
Why do the sounds "lub" and "dup" occur?
Definition
"lub"=atrioventricular valves closing.
"dup"=semi-lunar valves closing
Term
Cardiac Output (CO)
Definition
SV x HR=volume of blood pumped per minute
Term
Heart Rate (HR)
Definition
Heart rate is controlled by extrinsic factors e.g. the SA node, hormones, and the autonomic nervous system. The VAGUS nerve is attached to the SA node. When the parasympathetic system fires quickly the SA node fires less quickly. When the sympathetic system fires quickly the SA node increases firing. The HR is also controlled by extrinsic factors e.g. temperature, potassium levels (too much and you die), and arterial stretch. HR is, "how many beats per minute."
Term
Stroke volume=
Definition
EDV-ESV=the volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per heart beat
Term
End systolic volume...
Definition
Is decreased by the sympathetic nervous system as the sympathetic system increases myocardium contractability (which, allows more blood to pumped out each heartbeat). Hormones also decrease ESV (leave less blood in ventricles after a heartbeat).
Term
Diastolic Arterial Pressure
Definition
Is the lowest pressure and is distinguished as the pressure "when the sound goes away" while taking BP
Term
Systolic Arterial Pressure
Definition
Is the first noise you hear when taking a persons BP. It is the highest pressure.
Term
How do you increase Blood Pressure in the short term?
Definition
Increase HR, SV, venous return (through venoconstriction, TPR
Term
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
Definition
The total resistance of blood flow in the SYSTEMIC circulation. TPR is increased by the size of the arteriole, blood viscosity, and blood vessel length
Term
Venoconstriction
Definition
Controlled by hormones not the nervous system. Is constriction of a vein.
Term
Vasoconstriction vs. vasodilation
Definition
Vasoconstriction is constriction (contraction) of blood vessels. Increases BP. Vasodilation is a relaxation of smooth muscle, widening the blood vessel.
Term
Chronic Changes to Blood Pressure?
Definition
Arteriole stiffness in old age, blood viscosity, and blood vessel length in obesity)
Term
BP=
Definition
CO x TPR
Term
Hormonal response to low arterial oxygen?
Definition
Release of erythropoietin from the kidney in response to too little oxygen in the body for it to function properly. Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes
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